124 



The (rails of Essex ; a Contribution to a 



Fig. 4. Cecidomyia Vlumrhc. 



Spir.eaUlmaria,L. Leaf. Wart- 

 like swellings on the surface of the 

 leaf projecting both on the upi^er 

 side and under side, mostly red- 

 dish above and white or pale green 

 below. Many on one leaf, but only 

 one larva in each gall, within 

 which it pupates. Cecidomyia Ul- 

 MARiiE, Bremi. (Fig. 4). 



RuBus FRUTicosus, L. Stem. A 

 considerable thickening of the stem 

 for an inch or more in length, 

 which is at first green and later 

 becomes browm. The gall ismulti- 

 locular, and is often very con- 

 spicuous in winter, showing the 

 holes from which the gall-flies 

 have emerged. Diastrophus Rubi, 

 Hartig. (Fig. 5). 



EuBus c.Esius, L. Stem. Galls 

 of D. Rubi, as on R.fruticosus. 



RuBus c^sius, L. Stem. A 

 thickening of the stem, but gene- 

 rally more regularly rounded or 

 oval than in the gall of IK Biihi ; also mostly much smaller, 

 and does not interfere with the direct growth of the stem, 

 as is often the case with that s]3ecies. The gall is multi- 

 locular, and the larvae pupate in a snow-white pupa case 

 within it. Lasioptera Rubi, De Geer. 



RuBus FRUTICOSUS, L. Leaf. Thickened and folded leaf 

 longitudinally along the superior veins. The pale yellow 

 larvffi leave the pseudo gall and pupate in the earth. Ceci- 

 domyia PLicATRix, H. Loew. 



PoTENTiLLA REPTANs, L. Stem aiid leaf-stalk. Hard, 

 brown, very irregularly shaped, though generally round or 

 oval, swellings of the stem or leaf- stalk ; these galls are 

 usually multilocular, and occur singly or more frequently 

 many together on a stem. The gall-flies emerge from the 



Fig. 5. Diastroplms Buhi. 



