THE SENSES OF INSECTS MrlNDOO. 479 



some have so-called auditory or sound-receiving organs; and (3) 

 many of the experimental results obtained indicate that insects can 

 hear. 



Judging from the known sound-producing apparatus and the so- 

 called auditory organs in crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids, the 

 males are usually neither deaf nor dumb, but the females are always 

 dumb, although not generally deaf. The males of crickets, katydids, 

 and of some grasshoppers make sounds by rubbing their wings 

 together, whereas other grasshoppers make sounds by rubbing their 

 hind legs against the wings. Both sexes possess so-called ears, which 

 in crickets and katydids (Locustidae) are found on the front tibiae, 

 but in grasshoppers (Acrididae) on the abdomens. As far as 

 known, the female cicada is both deaf and dumb, but her mate is 

 only deaf, his sonorous sound-producing organ being found in the 

 abdomen. " Happy is the cicada, since its wife has no voice," says 

 Xenarchos, could just as well be said about the males of crickets, 

 grasshoppers, and katydids. Graber, after cutting off the front 

 tibiae of crickets and katydids, found that they responded as well 

 to a violin and to their chirping and singing as before the operation. 



Stridulation, special sound-producing apparatus, and various 

 types of supposed auditory organs, have been described in true bugs, 

 moths and butterflies, flies and mosquitoes, beetles, ants and bees, and 

 also in a few larvae and pupae; yet we know very little about this 

 subject. 



During the past few years the writer has made a study of the 

 auditory sense in the honeybee, but no experiments were performed 

 demonstrating that bees really hear, although, like others who haA^e 

 studied bees, he believes that they do have some kind of a sense of 

 hearing. His original idea was to conduct experiments, in which 

 he hoped to be able to classify and to record on phonograph records 

 the various sounds heard in a hive of bees. If this were possible, 

 he intended to reproduce these sounds and then determine whether 

 or not bees respond to them. Other duties prevented this experi- 

 mentation. Turner, experimenting with moths in the field, did not 

 have to resort to such a procedure, but, nevertheless, obtained re- 

 sults that should satisfy the most severe critics who contend that 

 insects can not hear. 



The present writer has just finished a study of the special sound- 

 producing apparatus and two organs which might serve as auditory 

 organs in the honeybee. Only a very brief description of them, 

 however, can be given here. 



The special sound-producing apparatus of the honeybee consists 

 of the membranes lying between the axillaries or roots of the front 

 wings. Muscles, lying in the thorax and attached to these axillaries, 



