RACIAL GROUPS HOUGH. 613 



whom were U. S. J. Dunbar, Henry J. Ellicott, and Frank Lemon. 

 Theodore Mills modeled some of the single-costumed figures; and 

 certain individual works of sculpture are by John J. Boyle, H. K. 

 Bush-Brown, Achille Collin, M. Herbert, and others. Skilled pre- 

 parators were employed in the very important work of casting, set- 

 ting up, and painting the figures, foremost among whom are H. TV. 

 Hendley and TV. H. Egberts. In designing a lay-figure group the 

 necessary studies of the peoples to be represented are made. Indi- 

 viduals are selected to illustrate the salient features of the people, 

 their arts and industries, their costumes, and their physical charac- 

 teristics; and such features of their environment as can be utilized 

 within the available space are added. The end sought is to assemble 

 the figures as in a picture, which will tell the story forcibly and at 

 once. ., iom 



The group when designed, together with drawings, photogro^^ 

 and other necessary data are turned over to the sculptor $n<lj jtjh§-iilT 

 ing model is posed for him. The figure is modeled in c^y^nfblrQnli 

 this a cast is made in plaster of Paris. This cast is appropriable 

 painted, costumes are added, and wigs are provided. The figures i ftrtf 

 then assembled under the eye of the artist and with necessary changes 

 composed into the group. When this is done, the ground is put in, 

 labels written, and the group is ready for exhibition. A group of 

 entire plaster figures in a case 12' by 8' by 9', complete, costs about 

 $2,500. If the figures are to be clothed, the work is expedited and 

 made cheaper by employing frame work of wood, which is filled out 

 with tow, burlap, etc., and the exposed parts, as the head, hands, 

 and feet, modeled, painted, and added to the figure. In some in- 

 stances the hands are cast from the living model. 



The dwelling groups are constructed from literary and from photo- 

 graphic data, and are not difficult to make. Their excellence de- 

 pends upon the skill of the constructor and the amount of data 

 secured. They cost, exclusive of case, about $150. These groups 

 were at first made in the Anthropological Laboratory of the Museum 

 by C. R. Luscombe. Others were later made by contract and of 

 especial note are the Iroquois and Hawaiian models by Mr. I. B. 

 Millner, and the Dyak model by R. K. Middleton. 



The simple figures, groups of manikins, and dwelling groups form 

 an important part of the exhibit of ethnology. They are placed in 

 company with the cases of specimens belonging to the arts and 

 industries of different peoples, and thus furnish a unit of striking 

 interest and value for visual instruction in science. 



They are also made, so far as is possible, historically correct, and 

 represent the races in the aboriginal state, or in the period before 

 changes due to contact with civilization had modified them. A great 

 majority of the groups depict native life as it can not be observed at 



