618 ANNUAL, REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1920. 



sides with hewn planks. In front are planted trunks of trees, upon 

 which are carved and painted animal totems representing the 

 crests of the different clans inhabiting the house. Entrance is 

 usually by means of a low doorway cut in the totem post. Over 

 the front also are painted heraldic emblems connected with their 

 family system. The dead are placed in boxes which are deposited 

 on posts or in miniature houses. The Haidas tattoo their bodies 

 with various designs and clothe themselves with furs and skins of 

 animals. They are among the most skillful canoe builders on the 

 Pacific coast. (See pi. 8.) 



FAMILY GROUP OF LOUCHEUX INDIANS. 



The Loucheux Indians live in northern Canada, east of the Mac- 

 kenzie River, and belong to the great Athapascan family. For many 

 years they have been in contact with the Hudson Bay Co., who have 

 used the men as hunters for catching fur-bearing animals. This has 

 made them a thrifty people. In summer they dress in reindeer skins 

 and ornament them with bird quills, dentalium shells from the 

 Pacific coast, and trade beads and worsted from Europe. The birch 

 tree is so common and useful that every utensil of their household 

 life is made from that bark. Even their cooking vessels are of that 

 material and their food is boiled by means of hot stones. Their 

 canoes are of birch bark, which enables them to navigate the rivers to 

 the headwaters and renders them so light that they are carried 

 from one stream to another over portages. This group represents 

 a hunter and his son returning from the chase while his wife and 

 younger son anxiously await his coming. (See pi. 9.) 



DWELLING GROUP OF THE MONTAGNAIS INDIANS. 



The Montagnais Indians are of the Algonquian family, and oc- 

 cupy Labrador as far north as Ungava Bay. They live by hunting 

 and fishing. Their dwellings are of skins, not sewed together, but 

 laid on frameworks of poles and held down by trunks of small trees 

 leaned against them outside and by stones piled around the base. 

 The group includes finished tents, woodpile, staging filled with skins 

 and robes, men painting a robe, women drying skins, and birch- 

 bark canoe. The Montagnais dress in deerskin robes, quite like those 

 of the Eskimo, their neighbors, but well made and decorated with 

 paint rather than embroidery. Their canoes are of bark and not of 

 skins, as are those of their neighbors in the north. (See pi. 10.) 



TRIBES OF THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. 



The tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian stock, whose home was 

 in the territory between the Great Lakes and central New York, 

 exhibit what is called woodland culture, a culture determined in a 



