RACIAL GROUPS HOUGH. 619 



great degree by forests, which have a restraining influence upon 

 man's progress. These Indians are well known in song and story 

 and many of the natives remain after centuries of more or less rough 

 contact with white men. The arts which belonged to them in the 

 old times have almost entirely disappeared, those remaining, such 

 as the birch-bark canoe, the snowshoe, lacrosse stick, and moccasins, 

 being preserved by adoption by the early white settlers. These tribes 

 were agriculturists mainly and they performed great labors in clear- 

 ing their fields and building their " long houses." Traces of these 

 old fields in which corn was planted may still be found; for some 

 time after the white settlement these fields remained treeless in the 

 forested country, and were known to have been the farms of the 

 Indians. The Iroquois, while rather crude in the arts, were skilled 

 and fearless in war and had also developed ideas of political organiza- 

 tion far in advance of their time, which were put in effect as a league 

 or confederacy whose object was peace. 



Little is known of the Algonquian tribes with whom the Pilgrims 

 came in contact along the New England coast, and not until we come 

 to Virginia is there adequate information as to their manners and 

 customs furnished by Capt. John Smith and his artist, John White, 

 of Sir Walter Raleigh's adventure. The Virginia Algonquians, 

 called by the English Powhatans, with neighbors of other stocks 

 such as Siouan and Iroquoian, form an interesting group of tribes 

 which emerge into history at the beginning of the seventeenth cen- 

 tury. Farming was the chief subsistence industry of these tribes, 

 but they also utilized all of the vegetal and animal resources of their 

 fruitful country, as well set forth by Capt. John Smith in his 

 narrative. 



The tribes of Muskoghean stock called Creeks, Choctaws, etc., 

 inhabiting the Southern States were further advanced in the arts of 

 life than the Virginia Indians. Their houses, pottery, stonework, 

 shellwork, and other arts were indicative of a stage of culture com- 

 parable with that of the Pueblos. Illustrations are given of the 

 Seminoles, a mixed Muskoghean tribe which wandered into Florida 

 and with which the historic Seminole War was waged, terminating 

 with the death of the chief, Osceola. In the subtropical environment 

 of Florida 'Seminole life took on resemblances to the life of the 

 Arawak settlers of the West Indies. It is thought that the Arawak 

 planted a colony in Florida and that some aspects of Seminole arts 

 were derived from these Indians. 



DWELLING GROUP OF THE CHIPPEWA INDIANS. 



Lake Superior Region. 



The Chippewa live in the northern United States and Canada in 

 a heavily forested region, which has had marked influence on their 



