630 ANNUAL, REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1920. 



The Navaho settled in the open country in proximity to the 

 Pueblos and are influenced by Pueblo culture, while the Apache set- 

 tled in the forested mountains and rugged country and have remained 

 in a low state of culture. The Navaho received the art of weaving, it 

 is thought, from the Pueblos, though there is still a possibility that 

 they may have brought it from the North. The possession of sheep 

 has been a great blessing to the Navaho, affording them a supply of 

 animal food, as these Indians are not farmers except in a limited 

 way. 



ANCIENT CLIFF DWELLING. 



The semiarid region of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico 

 abounds in canyons and plateaus; and the rocky walls have been 

 carved by the elements into many fanciful shapes. Here also were 

 left shelves, shelters, and caverns, and these were extensively utilized 

 bj r the ancient tribes for dwelling purposes, from which circum- 

 stances they derive their name, " cliff dwellers." Along the face of 

 the natural recesses, walls of stone were built up, behind which 

 rooms of various sizes were formed by partitions of rude masonry. 

 These were reached by natural pathways, by steps cut into the rock, 

 and by wooden ladders, and they served for defense as well as for 

 abodes. By the remains of industrial arts found in the cliff struc- 

 tures, their builders are shown to have been the ancestors of the 

 Pueblo tribes. (See pi. 34.) 



MODEL OF THE HOPI PUEBLO, WALPI. 



Northeastern Arizona. 



Walpi is a pueblo of the Hopi Indians who live in northeastern 

 Arizona. It takes the name, " Place of the Gap," from a notch in 

 the mesa upon which it is situated. The top of the Walpi mesa is 

 about 500 feet above the level of the plain and is now totally destitute 

 of vegetation. The sides of the mesa are in places precipitous, the 

 approaches to the village upon it being by steep trails. 



Walpi was settled on its present site shortly after the year 1680, 

 having been previously established on the terrace a hundred feet 

 below the top. The original settlers belonged to the Bear and Snake 

 families, the former of whom came from Jemez, New Mexico, the 

 latter from near Navaho Mountain, near the Colorado River. The 

 first buildings erected by these families are situated at the ends of 

 the space midway the east side of the pueblo. The increase of these 

 clans and the addition of new rooms to the ancestral buildings 

 finally joined them, forming a row of buildings on the front of the 

 pueblo about midway in its length. The first house on the west side 

 of Walpi was erected by the Flute people, a group of clans that 

 originally came from southern Arizona. The line of rooms formed 



