KACIAL GROUPS — HOUGH. 631 



by the additions to this house is separated by a court from the main 

 part of Walpi. The buildings in the southern portion of the pueblo 

 were constructed by the Eain Cloud, Tobacco Land, and other clans, 

 many of whom were subsequent additions to the population. The 

 ancestors of a majority of these came from villages — now ruins — in 

 southern Arizona. 



Two kinds of rooms may be recognized in the model. There are 

 many living rooms and five ceremonial rooms or kivas. The former 

 are huddled into clusters; the latter are isolated in the plazas. At 

 the highest point the main cluster of rooms is made up of four 

 stories. There are two plazas, one of which, situated near the south 

 end, is inclosed by buildings and contains two kivas; the other is 

 open on the east side midway in its length. In the latter, indicated 

 in the model by an eroded pinnacle called Antelope Rock, occurs 

 biennially the celebrated Hopi Snake Dance. The secret rites of this 

 dance are performed in the two kivas in the south plaza. 



The model represents aboriginal Walpi in 1884, before the intro- 

 duction of innovations due to contact with white men, and was 

 modeled by Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff. (See pi. 35.) 



FAMILY GROUP OF THE HOPI INDIANS. 

 Northeastern Arizona. 



The Hopi Indians occupy stone-built villages in northeastern 

 Arizona. They were first seen by white men in 1540, when Tobar 

 and Padilla were dispatched by Coronado to visit them. On ac- 

 count of the isolation of their country they have preserved to a 

 greater degree than other tribes the arts and customs of the Pueb- 

 los. They are farmers and depend mainly upon corn for their 

 subsistence. Among the arts in which they are skillful are weav- 

 ing, basket making, and wood carving, and in the minor art of 

 cookery they are widely known among the Indians. The group 

 represents the parching, grinding, and baking of maize, which 

 goes on in every household. A woman and little girl grind on the 

 slanting millstones the corn prepared by the parcher. The baker 

 spreads with her hand the batter on the heated stone slab and the 

 result is the paperlike bread called piki. Another woman is weav- 

 ing a basket of yucca leaves. The man brings in from the field a 

 backload of corn ears and the boy exhibits triumphantly a rabbit 

 which he has killed with the curved boomerang club peculiar to 

 the Hopi. (See pi. 36.) 



THE SNAKE DANCE. 



An Episode in a Hopi Prayer for Rain. 



The Indians of the principal Hopi pueblos of northeastern Ari- 

 zona celebrate in the month of August, at intervals of two years, a 



