RACIAL GEOUPS HOUGH. 635 



It is known that they did not mine for silver, all of their products 

 being made from Mexican and American coins. The silver is either 

 cold-hammered or melted in open crucibles by the use of charcoal 

 and flux, with blast produced b}' bellows having two air sacks of 

 leather with valves, which appear to have been introduced from 

 Spain by way of Mexico. Much metal is wasted in the operation. It 

 is brought into final shajje by hammering, punching, chasing, and 

 engraving. The objects made are mainly personal ornaments, such 

 as buttons, ear ornaments, beads, and bracelets ; examples are placed 

 with the figures. 



The processes are fully described by Dr. Washington Matthews in 

 the Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1883, 

 pages 167-178. (See pi. 42.) 



APACHE MAN AND SQUAW. 



The Apache Indians belong to the Athapascan family and now 

 live in Arizona and New Mexico, but they originally dwelt in north- 

 west Canada. For 350 years they have been in contact with white 

 people, but have adopted with the greatest reluctance any of the 

 ways of civilization. They dress in skins, build dome-shaped thatched 

 brush houses for habitations, subsist principally on the chase, and 

 the women make exquisite coiled basketry. The gradual destruction 

 of game has compelled them to use materials obtained from the 

 whites in their clothing, but they follow their ancient methods and 

 patterns as much as possible. In strange contrast with the Apache 

 and their kindred are the Navaho, who own vast flocks of sheep and 

 are inclined to peace. (See pi. 43.) 



TRIBES OF THE MEXICAN BORDER AND NORTHERN MEXICO. 



The southern slope of the great table-land where the Pueblo In- 

 dians live is inhabited by the Pima-Papago Tribe whose language 

 forms a separate stock called Piman, spoken by tribes whose limits 

 reached formerly to central Mexico, and the Mohave, Yumas, Cocopa, 

 Havasupai, Walapai, and others of the Yuman family. The Pimas 

 who are affiliated with the Papago exhibit a desert culture and in 

 spite of their seemingly unfavorable environment live comfortably 

 by agriculture and bj r the native vegetal products of the region. 

 Their country is hot and dry and irrigation is necessary One of 

 the greatest primitive irrigation systems was constructed in pre- 

 historic times in the Salt River Valley presumably by the ancestors 

 of the Pima. The Pimas wove native cotton and wool cloth up 

 to a score of years ago. They make pottery and excellent baskets. 

 Their architecture is crude, but as is shown 'by the ancient ruins of 

 Casa Grande near Florence, Arizona, they were formerly great 

 builders. 



