636 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1920. 



The Yuman tribes in general are the least advanced of any tribes 

 in North America and fall below the Apache in this respect. The 

 Yuman tribes are found in Arizona, southern California, and Lower 

 California. They also may be characterized as having desert culture 

 of a more complete type than the Pima. 



DWELLING GROUr OF THE PAPAGO INDIANS. 



Type of the Sonoran Province. 



The Papago Indians are of the Piman family, inhabiting Pima 

 County, Arizona, and portions of the State of Sonora, Mexico. They 

 dwell in dome-shaped houses in which a frame of mesquite poles is 

 fastened together with yucca twine and covered with grass. The 

 top is overlaid with adobe, and the walls are protected with long, 

 thorny, cactus stalks. Other outbuildings are the kitchen circle, the 

 square shelter after Mexican model, and the round house showing 

 structural features. The food of the Papago is chiefly vegetable, the 

 staple being mush from the beans and pods of the mesquite tree. 

 They are potters and use the paddle and hand stone in building up 

 the work. The Papago wore little costume, the modern dress being 

 modified after European pattern. The men formerly wrapped skins 

 about their loins, and women were clad in fringed petticoats of 

 shredded bark and leaves. (See pi. 44.) 



MOHAVE INDIAN CHIEF. 



The Mohave Indians belong to the Yuman stock and live in the hot 

 desert region of southwest Arizona. The men wear only a cincture 

 of the interior bark of the willow or the cottonwood tree. The women 

 wear skirts of the same material reaching to the knees. For the 

 purpose of comfort, as well as for ceremony, they paint their bodies 

 with different colored clays, a custom quite widely dispersed over 

 the warmer parts of the continent in pre-Columbian times. They 

 subsist on vegetable food chiefly and the women make excellent pot- 

 tery by malleating — that is, by working the clay into shape by beat- 

 ing it with a paddle. The men use a very long thick bow, without 

 backing, and arrows of reed with three short feathers. The fore- 

 shafts of wood are rendered heavier by a coating of gum. (See 

 pi. 45.) 



FAMILY GROUP OF THE COCOPA INDIANS. 



The group is intended to stand as a type of the tribes inhabiting 

 the arid region of the far southwest of the United States and north- 

 western Mexico. The principal tribes of this region are the Pima, 

 Papago, Mohave, Yuma, Kawia, and Seri, whose manner of life is 

 largely determined by the character of the country, which is hot and 



