220 RECORD OF SCIENCE FOR 1887 AND 1888. 



populous portions of tlie Dominiou maps have to be compiled or con- 

 structed from ori<;inal surveys in order that the results of the work may 

 be properly set forth. In Canada as in America the needs of the geol- 

 ogist stimulates geographic research; and in Canada as in America, 

 too, geography is practically reduced to a subordinate ]>art of the broad 

 science of geology, and the derived signification of the terms is the true 

 one. The corps of the geological survey of Canada includes, in addi- 

 tion to the director, ten geologists and about the same number of assist- 

 ants (who are employed chiefly in topographic work) ; two ))aleoutolo- 

 gists and a paleontologic artist; three chemists and lithologists ; a 

 topographer with two assistants; a librarian; and an accounting and 

 office force. The principal publications of the survey appear in the 

 form of annual reports, sometimes accompanied by portfolios or atlases 

 of maps. During the biennial period just closed two annual reports 

 have appeared. 



Alabama. — Geologic surveys have been maintained for some years in 

 this State ; and Dr. Eugene A. Smith, the State geologist, has, with one 

 or more assistants, been employed during the period 1887-88 in both 

 scientific and economic investigations in geology. One octavo report 

 of 571 pages has been published during the period, and a more volu- 

 minous publication is in press. 



Arkamas. — Early in 1887 a geologic survey was instituted in this 

 State, with Prof. John C Brauner as State geologist; provision being 

 made for two or more assistants. The work of the survey has been 

 pushed forward rapidly, with the co-operation of the U. S. Geological 

 Survey in certain lines of study ; and preliminary reports and one vol- 

 ume of the more elaborate annual report have been published. The lat- 

 ter is of special interest, since it settles definitely certain questions con- 

 cerning a region reported to be rich in precious metals which bad long 

 agitated the citizens of the State, and indeed led to the establishment 

 of the survey. 



California. — Although this State does not now maintain a geologic 

 survey under that name, there are two State institutions engaged in 

 work which is partly geologic. The first is the State mining bureau, 

 now in charge of William Irelan, jr., State mineralogist, which issues 

 annual reports (that for 1887 containing 315 and that for 1888 948 

 pages octavo) ; and the second is the State engineering department, 

 in charge of Wm. Ham. Hall, with a corps of assistants. The work of 

 the department relates largely to irrigation and to the regimen and con- 

 trol of rivers, and so directly and indirectly to geology. Two octavo 

 reports have been issued during the biennial period. 



Colorado. — There is in this State a mining bureau, in charge of a nom- 

 inal State geologist (the present incumbent is Fred. Bulkley), by which 

 specific information is conveyed to citizens and others; but no reports 

 have appeared during the years 1887 and 1888. 



Florida.— In 1887 Dr. J. Kost was commissioned State geologist, and 



