DYNAMIC MKTKOROLOGY. 357 



HI. Tlieoietical liydro (l>>iiaiiiics ap])lio(l lo the motion of the air. 



10. Kr.pitei). 18. Eliot. 



11. Ferrel. 11). Sir William Thomson. 



12. Sprung. 20. Oberbcck. 

 i;]. Greely. 21. Oberbeck. 

 14. Scott. 22. Oberbeck. 

 \r>. Blauford. 2:?. Helmboltz. 



16. Davis. 24. Diro Kitao. 



17. Abercroraby. 25. Fluid motion. 



IV. Thermodynamics of atmospheric i)ljenomenon. 



2(). Introductory. 27. Bezold. 



V. Prediction of storms and weather. 



28. Abbe. 



I.— LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON FLUID MOTION. 



The imitation in laboratory experiments of natural motions of the 

 atmosphere offers an instructive and fascinating field for research. 

 Among those who have contributed to this subject are: 



(1) Hebnholtz, in 1857, first solved analytically the problems of vortex 

 motion, and in 1868 those of jets, both being illustrations of general 

 propositions in discontinous motions. Kirchlioff immediately followed 

 with solutions of other cases, and since then W. Thomson, J. J. Thom- 

 son, Eayleigh, Hicks, and other English writers, Oberbeck, Planck, 

 Zo])pritz, Bertrand, Boussiuesq, Saint Vincent, and others, have added 

 to these conquests of analysis. The experimental illustrations and 

 verifications of their results have been especially due, as regards jets 

 in liquids, to Savart 1833, Bidone 1838, Eayleigh 1879, Oberbeck 1877, 

 Eeynolds 1883, and as regards jets and whirls in air to Vettin 1857 

 to 1887, CoUadou and Weyher 1887, 



(2) Oberhecl: — As long ago as 1877 this mathematician, by careful 

 experiments, reproduced the results analytically obtained by himself 

 and predecessor, all of which will be found in the appended translation 

 of his memoir on discontinuous motions. These jets in water have a 

 close analogy to the columns of warm air that rise in the atmosphere. 



(3) Vettin, of Berlin, whose work began 185G, and whose first publi- 

 cation was in Poggendorff's Annalen of 1857, met with an opposition 

 from Dove, that seems to have inspired him with the resolution to ob- 

 serve and experiment until all doubt was settled. Consequently, we 

 owe to Vettin a remarkable series of observations on clouds and most 

 instructive experiments, illustrating the whole convective process by 

 which heat and moisture are carried by the air from the ground to the 

 upper atmosphere, and inversely the dryness, cold and motion of the 

 upper air brought down to us. Vettin's latest contributions are in the 

 volumes of the Meteorologische Zeitschrift for 1887. 



(4) Bezold, who, in 18SG, was called from Municli to Berlin to take 

 charge of the reorganized Meteorological Institute of Prussia, has pub- 



