368 THE RENEWAL OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION. 



pinkisb-white globigernia ooze, composed chiefly of carbonate of lime. 

 Still fartber to the north, about the latitude of 40^ south, the sea is 

 often about 3 miles in depth, and in such depths where far removed 

 from continental land, the calcareous shells are for the most part dis- 

 solved, and there is a very remarkable deposit at the bottom, composed 

 of a tine red rlay, manganese nodules, zeolitic crystals, magnetic and 

 metallic spherules of extra-terrestrial origin, thousands of sharks' teeth, 

 and the remains of wliaies and other cetaceans. In these red clay areas 

 the trawl brought up m a single haul over 1,500 shiuks' teeth, some of 

 them as large as — and n()t to be distinguished from — the specinu'iis of 

 Carvltarodoii of Tertiary age; associated with these teeth were 50 or GO 

 earbones of ziphiod whales and other cetaceans.* From a careful con- 

 sideration of all the conditions, it seems to me that deposition is, in 

 these places, at the minimum, and that since Tertiary times there may 

 not have been over a few inches of deposit laid down in these red clay 

 areas. A new expedition might thoroughly exi)lore one of these peculiar 

 and instruetive deposits. 



All over the floor of the Antarctic Ocean there is a most abundant 

 fauna, a[)])arently more abundant and more peculiar than in any other 

 region of the ocean's bed. In one haul made by the Challotner in a 

 depth of 2 miles in latitude 47- south, the trawl brought up (exclud- 

 ing ])rotozoa) over 200 specimens belonging to 89 species of animals, 

 of which T.j were new to science, including representatives of 28 new 

 genera. This and similar trawlings show a larger number of indi 

 viduals, genera, and species than any single haul from similar depths 

 in other regions of tlie oceans, and I am inclined to think this is inti- 

 mately connected with the large number of surface creatures which 

 are killed in these latitudes by the mixing of waters from the tropics 

 and waters from the Antarctic; for these organisms, on falling to the 

 l)ottom, afford a larger supply of food to deep-sea animals here than in 

 other localities. 



The following table exhibits the total result of the Cli((Ucn<je)'\s 

 trawlings and dredgings soutli of the forty-third parallel, in depths 

 greater than 1,200 fathoms; 830 animals were captured (excluding the 

 protozoa) belonging to 398 species, of which 320, or nearly all those 

 described, were new to science. Of these 102 new species and 30 new 

 genera, were not obtained in any other region of the bed of the ocean. 

 Among these were 8 new genera and 50 new species of echinoderms, 

 many of them exhibiting marked i)eculiarities.t Many other forms, 

 such as some species of serolis among the Crustacea, are limited to the 

 deep water of the Southern Hemisi)here. The absence of some groups, 

 such as the brachyura, in all these dredgings is likewise suggestive. 



* See Murray and Renard, Challenfier Report on Deep-Sea Deposits, 1891, p. 360. 



t Namely Thaumatocrinus, CMfonaster, OpluopJinthns, Ophiocijmbium, S2)alagoc)/sti8, 

 Echinocrepis, Gciiiropaiofiiis, and Seofonxassa. Alexander A»?assiz says: "The slip- 

 per-shaped Echinocrtpis and the GnhrUes-Viko Urechinns (found only in the deep water 

 of the Antarctic area), remind us of types Avhjcli flourished in the Cretaceous seas," 



