674 MIGRATIONS OF RACES OF MEN CONSIDERED HISTORICALLY. 



Scotch and English settlers in the lower and more fertile parts of Ulster; 

 it is military policy which has settled Kussian colonies, sometimes armed, 

 sometimes of agricultural dissenters, along- theTraus-caucasiau frontiers 

 and on the farther shore of the Caspian. It was military policy which 

 led Shalmaneser and Nebuchadnezzar to carry off large parts of the 

 people of Israel and Judah to settle them in the cities of the Medes or 

 by the waters of Babylon.* 



As regards the more regular conquests made by civilized states in 

 modern times, such as those of Finland, Poland, Transcaucasia, and 

 Transcaspia by Kussia, of Bosnia and Herzegovinaby Austria, of India 

 and Cape Colony by Great Britain, of Cochin China and Annam by 

 France, it may be said that they seldom result in any considerable trans- 

 fer of population. Such effects as they have are rather due to that 

 process of Permeation which we have already considered, 



3. Labor ( /. f ., the need for labor) becomes a i)otent cause of migrations 

 in this way — that the necessity for having in particular paits of the 

 world men wiio can undertake a given kind of toil untter given climatic 

 conditions draws such men to those countries from their previous dwell- 

 ing place. This setof cases differs from the cases of migrationsin search 

 of subsistence, because the migrating population may have been tolera- 

 bly well off at home. As the food migrations have been described as an 

 outflow from countries overstocked with inhabitants, so in these cases 

 of labor migration what we remark is the inflow of masses of men to All 

 a vacuum — that is, to su])ply the absence in the country to which they 

 move of the sort of workpeople it reijuires. However, it often happens 

 that the two phenomena coincide, the vacuum in one country helping 

 to determine the direction of the influx from those other countries whose 

 population is already supeiabuiulant. This has happened in the case 

 of the most remarkable of such recent overflows, that of the Chinese 

 overthe coasts and islands of the Pacific. Theneed of Western America 

 for cheap labor to make railways and to cultivate large areas just 

 brought under tillage, as well as to supply domestic service, drew the 

 Chinese to California and Oregon, and but for the stringent prohibitions 

 of recent legislation would have brought many thousands of them into 

 the Mississippi Valley. Similar conditions were drawing them in great 

 numbers to Australia, and especially to North Queensland, whose cli- 

 mate is too hot for whites to work in the fields; but here, also, the influx 

 has been stopped by law. Ten or twelve years ago they were beginning 

 to form so considerable a proportion of the population of the Hawaiian 

 Isles that public opinion there compelled the sugar-planters to cease 

 imx)orting tliem, and, in order to balance them, Portuguese labor was 

 brought from the Azores, and Japanese from Japan. Into Siam and 

 the Malay Peninsula, and over the Eastern Archipelago, Chinese migra- 



* So the Siamese, after their conquest of Tenasserini, carried off many of the Talain 

 population and settled them near Bangkok, where they remain as a distinct popula- 

 tion to this day. 



