578 MIGRATIONS OF EACES OF MEN CONSIDERED HISTORICALLY. 



Of migrations by sea it has already been remarked that owiug to 

 improvements in navigation, they have now become practically inde- 

 pendent of distance or any other obstacle. In earlier times also they 

 played a considerable part, but only in the case of sucli seafaring peoples 

 as the Phenicians, the Irreeks, and the Northmen, — instances in which 

 the number of persons transferred nnist have been comparatively small, 

 though the historical results were profound. Those which most nearly 

 approach the character of national movements were the transfer of a 

 vigorous Phenician shoot to Carthage, of a mass of Greeks to South 

 Italy and Sicily, and of the Jute>, Saxons, and Angles to Britain. 



The most important physical factor in determining lines of movement 

 has, however, been climate. Speaking broadly, migration follows the 

 parallels of latitude, or more precisely, the lines of equal Jiiean tem- 

 perature, and not so much, 1 think, of mean annual heat as of mean 

 winter heat. Although the inhabitants of cold climates often evince a 

 desire to move into warmer ones, they seem never to transfer themselves 

 directly to one differing greatly from that to which they are accustomed ; 

 while no people of the tropics has ever, so far as I know, settled in any 

 part of the temperate zone. There is one instance of a north European 

 race establishing itself on the southern shores of the Mediterranean — 

 the Vandals in North Africa; and the Bulgarians came to the banks 

 of the lower Danube from the still sterner winters of the middle Volga. 

 But in the few cases of northward movement, as in that of the Lapps, 

 the cause lies in the irresistible pressure of stronger neighbors; and 

 probably a similar pressure drove the Fuegians into their inhospitable 

 isle. 



The tendency to retain similar climatic conditions is illustrated by 

 the colonization of North America. The Spaniards and Portuguese 

 took the tropical and sub-tropical regions, neglecting the cooler parts. 

 The French and the English settled in the temperate zone; and it was 

 not till this century that the country toward the Gulf of Mexico began 

 to be occupied by incomers from the Carolinas and northern Georgia. 

 When the Scandinavian immigration began, it Howed to the northwest, 

 and has filled the States of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Dakota. And 

 when the Icelanders sought homes in the New World, they chose the 

 northernmost place they could find by the shores of Lake Winnipeg, 

 in Manitoba. So the internal movements of population within the 

 United States have been along theparallels of latitude. The men of 

 New England have gone west into New York, Ohio, and Michigan, 

 whence their children have gone still farther west to Illinois, Iowa, 

 Oregon, and Washington. Similarly the overflow of Virginia poured 

 into Kentucky and Tennessee, and thence into southern Illinois and 

 Missouri; while it is chiefly from the Carolinas that Georgia, Alabama, 

 Mississippi. Arkansas, and Texas have been settled. The present negro 

 emigration fro)n the eastern States of the South is into Arkansas and 

 Texas. Oregon is the only Northern State that has received any con- 



