582 MIGRATIONS OF RACES OF MEN CONSIDERED HISTORICALLY. 



Tlieir new religion gave au Arab tinge to tlie literature and habits of 

 Persia and Western Turkistan; its influence is strong to-day in the 

 East Indian Archipelago and on the coasts of East Africa, as well as 

 in the vast inland region from Timbuctoo to Somali Laud, After their 

 conquering force had fully spent itself, the initiative passed to the 

 Turks, and an infusion of Turkoman blood and Musselman ideas helped 

 to transmute the former subjects of the East Roman Empire in Asia 

 and Europe into the so-called Ottomans of to-day. The wave has for 

 two centuries been visibly receding. Since 1878 we have seen the 

 Mohamuiedan Beys retiring fi'om Bosnia as they retired thirty years 

 ago from Servia; the Circassians, and still more recently, some of the 

 tribes of Daghestan, have gone forth from their mountain homes; the 

 Pomaks are beginning to leave Bulgaria; it is probable that in forty 

 years more hardly a Musselman Avill be left on European soil, unless 

 the jealousies of Euroi»ean powers should still keep the barbarian 

 enthroned in Constantinople. Not less remarkable than the movement 

 of the Arabs to the Oxus and the Tagus, and of the Turk from the 

 Oxus to the Adriatic, was the movement of the races from beyond the 

 Indus and the Hindu Kiish into India. The irruptions which begin 

 with the expedition of Mahmud of (xhazni in the eleventh century 

 brought some of the mixed Central Asiatic races, who passed as 

 JMoguls, and a probably greater number of Pathans (Afghans) into 

 Upper India, in parts of which they sensibly affected the character of 

 the iwpulation. Here too, more was done in the way of assimilative 

 influence than by an infusion of blood, for the Musselman bands car- 

 ried their religion to the shores of the Bay of Bengal and far into the 

 Dekkan; they introduced a new and splendid style of building and au 

 exquisite richness of decoration; their deeds were recorded by the tirst 

 regular chroniclers of India. In a fourth region, that of the countries 

 north of the Black Sea, the irruptions of Zinghis Khan and his sons 

 brought about some permanent changes. But it is doubtful hoAV far 

 the presence of such Tartar and Mongolic tribes as still remain in the 

 Crimea and along the Volgo is due to those invasions; and since, 

 whatever their consequences may have been, they are not due to Islam, 

 for the Mongols were lieathen, they do not fall within the group of 

 migrations we are now considering. 



The fifth group begins with the discovery of America in 1492, if we 

 ought not rather to date it from the first long voyages of the Portu- 

 guese, opening with the passage of Cape Bojador in 1435 (under an 

 Euglish captain) aud culminating in the rounding of the Cape of Good 

 Hope and opening of the sea route to India, by Bartholomew Diaz in 

 USf), followed by Vasco de Gama's voyage to Malabar twelve years 

 later. 



Four great eras of settlements belong to this group. The first is 

 that of the Spaniards and Portuguese in tropical America; the sec- 

 ond is that which brings the negroes from Africa to America; the 



