THE ''nation" AS AN ELEMENT IN ANTHROPOLOGY. 593 



adopted into the claus of the couqueraug tribe, either as members or as 

 slaves. In either case they led to a modification of the ascendant 

 type. 



So varied were and are the cnstoms and rules of primitive [)eoples in 

 all these respects that it would be vain to attempt to establish a formula 

 representing the degree in which the integrity of the racial or ethnic 

 type was maintained; but the aim of their institutions being always and 

 definitely this, we may be sure that they tended very positively to pre- 

 serving the lineage undefiled, and to perpetuating the physical and 

 mental traits of each community. When this did not occur, it was in 

 contradiction to the theory of the social compact, and arose from igno- 

 rance of the natural conditions which insure perpetuitj^ of type, or their 

 disregard, owing to the cravings of individual appetite. 



In entire contrast to all tliis are both the theory and the practice which 

 we find in the next higher step in social relations, that which has for its 

 basis a geographical or territ(nial concept. 



In this, it is not the notion of kinship butthatof conntrywhich is pre- 

 dominant. The patriot of this epoch fights no longer for his lineage, 

 but for his land, not for his relations, but for the realm. He expresses 

 in this the sentiment which actuates the nation, properly so called. 

 Consanguine governments are tribal governments; with the birth of a 

 genuine nationality, the family, the gens, the tribe, are all doomed to 

 disappear, and with them the modifying influences they exerted on the 

 race. 



The inter veuiug step between the tribe and the nation is usually said 

 to be the federation, in which several tribes agree to forget their jeal- 

 ousies and unite in defense or offense. This condition is transitory, and 

 I shall pass it by, in order to consider the direct influence of nationality 

 on those elements of human nature which are the i)eculiar topics of 

 anthropologic science. 



The first object of nationality is unity, and this in the fullest sense of 

 the term and in all the relations of national life. 



Almost the very first of its aims is physical unity. A visible contrast 

 between the inhabitants of different areas under one rule is suggestive 

 to the legislator of a lack of harmony in other respects. The influence 

 of a court, or of centralization generally, has ever been to disseminate 

 throughout the realm one standard of physical beauty, as also one of 

 costume and deportment; and this irrespective of how many discrepant 

 varieties go to make up the body of the nation. 



In this, as in all other respects, the chief efforts of the nation tiuough 

 its rulers are directe<^l toward destroying those indi\idual and tribal 

 traits which forms of government based on consanguinity make it their 

 chief end to cherish. 



This contrast presents itself early. We find for instance that the 

 native rulers of ancient Pern, the Incas, were accustomed, as soon as 

 they had subjugated a new province, to deport large numbers of its 

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