SUMMARY OF PROGRESS IN ANTHROPOLOGY. 619 



(1) Exploitation of the euitli for raw material iu its three kiugdoiiis; 

 and in the case of plants and animals, increasing the snpply through 

 domesticatiou and cultivation. 



(2) The application of tools and power to these substances so as to 

 convert them into forms to gratify human desire or to meet human 

 needs. 



(3) The transfer of the material in any stage of its mani]>ulation from 

 place to idace, on men, beasts, uagons, ships (u- trains, called trans- 

 portation and travel. 



(4) The buying and selling of commodities involving weighing, meas- 

 uring, and valuing, or weights, measures, and money, the development 

 of the middle man, the wholesale merchant, the retail merchant, the 

 broker, the banker, etc. 



(5) The consumption of the ultinuite product and all the utensils and 

 customs involved therein. 



Each one of these operations in its historic elaboration involves the 

 growth of the areas involved from the smallest territory occupied by 

 a self supporting tribe to the occupation of the entire earth as a single- 

 culture area. It also includes the differentiation of labor among men, 

 giving to every man a greater diversity of thought and action in each 

 operation, and requiring at the same time the cooperation of a greater 

 number of men as specialists to accomplish the same kind of work. To 

 unfold all arts of all peoples in all time and gather them into a single 

 system of technic life is the purpose of technologic science. 



The effect of the earth on arts is techno-aeographij ; the effect of races 

 on arts is ethnotechnography, and from each point of view that gives a 

 different motive to studying man, the arts of life are classified on dift'er- 

 erent concepts. 



Nowadays every trade has its journal, and the jiublishers never lose 

 an opportunity to explain and illustrate the evolution of their craft. 

 Thii Journal of the ^Society of Arts, hondoi^, is the first publication to 

 consult upon this topic. 



Mr. E. H. Man gives an account of the technique of the Nicobar pot- 

 tery {J. Anthrop. Inst., xxiii, 21-27). The manufacture is confined to 

 one small island named Chorora, and the entire work of preparing the 

 clay and molding and firing the pots has to devolve on the women of 

 the community. It is related that a Chorora woman, while visiting 

 another island, attempted to make a cooking pot, but she paid the pen- 

 alty with her life. Clay at Chorora having been exhausted, material 

 must be had from other ishinds, demanding a sea trip of a few miles. 

 The duty of procuring the clay and the sale of the finished articles 

 devolves on the men. (Compare Holmes and Cushing, An. Rep. Bur. 

 Ethnol.) 



Having prepared a quantity of clay by freeing it from small stones 

 and other extraneous matter, and having kneaded it witli fine sand 

 until of a proper consistency, the operator seated herself on the ground 

 and placed before her a piece of board on which she laid a ring or hoop 



