626 SUMMARY OF PROGRESS IN ANTHROPOLOGY, 



4 Histonci-il representation. 



a Natural history: Origin of men, stocks, oiighial liouie, dispersions, forma- 

 tiou of raees. 



1). Culture history : Iiitfllecrual tloiuination of men over auimals, tertiary times, 

 pal.eolitliie ami neolithic periods, Wronze period; the orient, its peculiar 

 ar<lia'oh)gy and the inlluence of its historic culture stages npon prehis- 

 toric Europe; first appearanceof later jieopies of Europe in their his- 

 toric se<ineuce. 



The year 189.'5 ntai ks an epoch in Ameiieaii aicliivology and divides 

 students into two shai'i)ly separated schools. Th(^ older school believes 

 m the existence of i)aleolitliic man in the United States, the new 

 school does not. In the presence of such sites as Trenton, the former 

 discovers geological evidence of the very great antiquity of man in the 

 occurrence of rudely cliipjied objects in sitK, the other school says 

 these objects are in the talus and have rolled down from the surface 

 above. The old school says, but these pieces are very rude and have 

 uacred surfaces. Men used very rude or paleolithic tools first, and 

 after that came the fineriinished tools. The new school says these 

 pieces are the rubbish, the rejected mass of stone knappers. They are 

 quarry refuse, and not tools at all. Many hundreds of thoustmds of 

 them have been picked up in the wcu'kshops of the modern Indians. 

 Mr. Vv'illiam 11. Holmes, of the lUireaii of Ethnology, made most of the 

 diggings by which this oi»inionis substantiated. 



In a i)aper by lloimes on the distribution of stone implements in the 

 tide water portions of Maryland and Virginia, the author has in view 

 the whole history of each stone implement, from the source of the raw 

 material to the finding of the specimen where it finally left the hand of 

 the savage. He speaks of the origin and form of the stone, the pro- 

 cesses of manufacture, the rejection at the source of the stone of all 

 pieces tried and found wanting, the transportation, the caching or stor- 

 ing, the specialization of form in after work and the uses or functions. 

 Four inaterials were used for chipped tools, (piartzite bowlders, quartz 

 pebbles, rhyolite quarried in the mass, jasper quarried in the mass. Of 

 these the author says : '• It is of the utmost importance, in taking up the 

 stone implements of a region, that each material be traced to its source 

 so that from this point of view a study can be made of the work of quar 

 lying, shaping, transporting, and finishing." Holmes gives the follow- 

 ing classes of implements, in the order of distance from the quarry, 

 beginning with the heaviest: 



1. Mortars, and many improvised tools. 



2. Sharpened Itowlders for rude mauls and axes. 



3. Notched and sharpened ])owlder8 for hafting. 



4. Picks and chisels for soapstone and other <iuarries. 



5. Net sinkers, carried along the streams. 



6. Pestles, shajied by ])icking. 



7. Hammer stones, the hotter the shape the further they were carried. 



8. Soapstone vessels, often 10 miles from (luarry. 



9. Grooved axes, selts, scrapers, drills, knives, spear points, arrow points, pipes, 



oruameuts, 



