NORTH AMERICAN BOWS, ARROWS, AND QUIVERS. 669 



hard wood, inserted in the reed, and both hekl firmly in place by liga- 

 tnres of sinew. The stem was made of a hard wood called kk-ing, and 

 the reed in Apache 'klo-ka,' meaning- 'arrow grass.' There is a great 

 advantage in the use of this reed, because the arrow afterwards needs 

 no straighteuing, whereas the arrows made by the Zunis and others 

 must l)e subjected to a special process to make them shoot true. 



"The nse of sinew for securing the barb to the stem was believed to 

 be based upon the fact that after the arrow had entered the body the 

 warm blood, flowing from the wound, would soften and loosen the sinew, 

 disengage the barb, and increase the discomfort, pain, and danger to 

 the victim. 



" It may be of interest to students of lingnistics to know that the 

 Apache word for l)ullet, ' ka,' is really the word for arrow, aiul much as 

 the word has survived the Aveapon itself has survived, because the 

 cross section of a ritle bullet, taken along the greater axis, is all the 

 same as the same section made on a donble-tnnged arrow."* 



''In the American XafuraUst, vol. XL, p. 264, Mr. Edwin A. Barber 

 describes nine different kinds of arrow-heads — leaf-shaped, triangular, 

 indented at base, stemmed, barbed, beveled, diamond-shaped, awl- 

 shai)ed, shaped like a serpent's head. 



"All the above forms maybe found in use among the Apaches to-day. 

 The same warrior may have in his (piiver representatives of several 

 types, sometimes serrated, sometimes non-serrated, but all deadly. 

 Arrows intende<l sim])ly for the killing of birds or small game were not 

 always barbed, but were generally provided with a cross piece about 

 2 inches below the tip. [This same sto]) is found in Cauadn.] 



"The arrow of the Apache sometimes terminates in a triangular 

 ]nece of hard wood, which seems to be perfectly effective as a weapon. 

 One set of these is now in my possession, made of Florida orange 

 wood by Koth li, a Chiricahua prisoner confined at Fort Marion. 



"Just such arrows were observed by Columbus upon first reaching 

 this continent. 'They carry however in lieu of arms, canes dried in 

 the sun, on the ends of which they fix heads of wood, dried and sharp- 

 ened to a point.' (Letters of Columbus, Ilakluyt See, Loudon, 1847, 

 vol. II, p. G.)* 



"Stone arrow-heads Avere made preferably of obsidian (dolguini), 

 next of chalcedony, petrified Avood, jasper, or other sili<;eous rock, 

 lastly of fragments of beer bottles; but if pieces of hoop iron could be 

 picked up they Avere always utilized. 



"Arrows made out of domestic glass Avere described over a cen- 

 tury ago by Lawson, in his account of the Carolina Indians. He 

 mentions having seen in an Indian toAvn, 'very long arrows headed 

 with pieces of glass Avhich they had broken from bottles.' (Quoted by 

 Squier and Davis, JMounds of the Mississippi Valley, in Hmithsonidn 

 Contyihiitions, \o\. Vi, 21.'>; but there the opinion is expressed that these 

 may have been obsidian.) 



"It may be well to remember that the Indians of the Soutlnvest 

 were perfectly familiar AA'ith obsidian, and that the Apache name for 

 glass means obsidian. It may have been only a coincidence, but I do 

 not at this moment remember any glass arrows that were not brown 

 glass, the nearest apjiroach in appearance to obsidian. I have seen 

 the green arrows, but they were made of the semi-i)recious stone called 

 aqva marina, found among the Navajoes. 



"Lyou, (juoted by Bancroft {Xat. Ix'accs, vol. i, p. 342), refers to au 



* J. G. Bourke, letter. 



