EASTERN COLOMBIA — CRIST AND GUHL 409 



work and while mother is busy with her sewing. Besides the two 

 daughters mentioned, there are Jose Ceferino, Omar, Hairo Alonso, 

 Waldemar, Lida de la Cruz, Tiberio Agusto, Gorge Enrique, and Jose 

 Guillermo. They all have to be regularly bathed, fed, clothed and 

 "minded," and those jobs take up all the available time of the mother 

 and two oldest daughters. Each child asks and receives his mother's 

 and father's blessing each night, and the family often reads the ques- 

 tions and responses of the rosario. Discipline is strict, punishment is 

 swift. Certain precepts are instilled into the children at an early age. 

 Parents must be obeyed without question; the older children do not 

 tease the younger ones ; food is never to be wasted. When one of the 

 younger children, in a fit of temper, threw his food on the ground, he 

 was soundly spanked. 



Further, the Antioqueno has the tradition of individual initiative 

 and of economic independence behind him. He has made his living 

 at his trade or on his little plot of land and has unbounded confidence 

 in his capacity to continue to earn his living at his own trade or on 

 his own land. He has not, like the Santandereano, been tied to the 

 land in debt bondage till he has lost the capacity to strike out on his 

 own. He still has the will and the optimism to migrate, in the hope of 

 finding something better. The Antioqueno is a rugged, hard-working 

 realist, intent upon achieving his own independence, without govern- 

 ment aid in any form. 



PAMPLONA-RIO FRIO 



The population of the little mountain town of Pamplona and vicinity 

 has in recent years been subjected to the economic pull of Cucuta. 

 This pull has counteracted the tendency to migrate southward and 

 eastward toward the llanos of the Arauca Eiver, the boundary between 

 Venezuela and Colombia. The road from Pamplona to Labateca is 

 mainly through the narrow gorge of the Chitaga Eiver where the 

 growing of crops is difficult, and even grazing does not prosper. How- 

 ever, Labateca and Toledo have been established on relatively fertile 

 alluvial terraces. These are old settlements, and the cultural landscape 

 between Labateca and Bata is mature — corn, yuca, plantains, beans, 

 and squash are the food crops, and coffee and sugarcane are grown for 

 cash. However, as soon as one crosses the high ridge south of Bata, 

 on the Margua Eiver, one is in wild, barely settled country. A few 

 men are engaged in burning charcoal and in cutting trees for lumber. 

 Along the last 20 kilometers of road before reaching Ei'o Negro there 

 were only six huts or thatch dwellings, two of which were uninhabited. 

 A primitive sawmill was turning out logs (pi. 8, fig. 2). One won- 

 dered how the laborers operating them existed. There were no plots 

 anywhere on which staple foodstuffs were being grown, and there were 



