MOROCCO. ' 369 



coinitiy appears only l)e3^ond the Atlas range, and here cultivation 

 is limited to some few ^ases and groups of oases, Avhich, like the na- 

 tive land of the present dynasty. Tafilalot, are Avatered by the Atlas 

 streams. On the coast land of this district, as far south as Cape 

 Juby, the rainfall in winter is so- abundant that there is a wide area of 

 good pasture land, and barley can be planted in winters of copious 

 rainfall even outside the river-watered oases. The average rainfall 

 at Cape fFuby may amount to 200 mm. As far south as Mogador, and 

 probably some distance south of that city, the rainfall has attained 

 400 mm., which, to judge from observations in Tunis, is sufficient for 

 agriculture; and to judge from my own observations, an additional 

 advantage for agriculture is provided by the heavy dew that falls all 

 along the coast and is to be attributed to the action of the trade winds, 

 Avhich, blowing oif shore, carry out to sea the surface water and thus 

 bring up the cool strata from the depths. At Casa Blanca the rain- 

 fall amounts to more than 400 mm., at Cape Spartel it reaches nearly 

 800 nmi., at Tangiers it rises above 800 nun. Accordingly the entire 

 coast land and all of North Morocco are capable of cultivation. In 

 fact, in the Hinterland of Mogador, in the provinces of Shedma, 

 ITaha, and Mtuga wide areas are covered by open woods of evergreens, 

 that is, of argan trees. The woods more frequently, it is true, mere 

 coppices, extend 70 km. inland, where the steppes begin. I have 

 already pointed out that also in the zone of step25es, where the rainfall 

 probably remains considerably below 400 mm. at Marnakest (the 

 average seems to be slightly more than 200 nnn.) agriculture is not 

 entirely out of the question. At the foot of the Atlas I saw Avheat 

 and barley fields on soil unwatered by rivers, which again gives evi- 

 dence of increased rainfall. 



The [)opulation of JNIorocco has not been the object of sntlicient 

 ethnologic investigation. J\ly observations would U'ad me to the 

 opinion that the Berber element is nnich more widel_y spread than is 

 commonly supposed and that, even in the open countiy and tlie plains, 

 it has been able to maintain itself as against the Arabic element 

 altliough in many respects it is externally "Arabianized " and has 

 adopted the Arabic sjicech. And yet on the high plateau a day's 

 march east of ]\Iarrakesh I found Berbers that have preserved their 

 own tongue. In the whole of North INlorocco, even in the vicinity of 

 Tangiers, live pure Berbers, the Amazirglis, and in the southwestern 

 part of the Atlas Vorland, in Shedma, Haha, and Miuga. and in the 

 entire ]\Ioroccan Atlas, live the Berber Shilha. The Ai-abic element 

 is predominatingly nomadic and limited for the most \n\rt to the 

 plains of central Morocco; but the Arabic tri])e of Ilowara, living 

 among Berbers, has taken up settled haI)itation also in the Sus. As 

 soon as you enter the hilly and mountainous districts j^ou realize that 

 SM 1904 24 



