764 EAiPID-TRANSIT SUBWAYS IN METROPOLITAN CITIES. 



expense, must be preserved at every cost. And true to French 

 custom no ])]an would Ix' ap})roved until a comprehensive scheme 

 for the whole city was formulated. This had been accomplished 

 by 1896, an electric subway having been decided upon. The street 

 tralRe had h;H"ome so congested that no more surface lines or omnibus 

 routes could be added. 



The extent of the Paris metropolitan subw^ay is indicated by the 

 above map. When it is entirely comjileted the system will be nearly 

 40^ miles in length, will cost the city $;)(').000,000, and the operating 

 company about $10,000,000 more for efjuipment." At present, only 

 one section and parts of two others have been comj^letely constructed 

 and put in operation, namelv, the line running from the Vincennes 

 gate in the east, past the Hotel de Ville, the Louvre, and the Tuil- 

 leries, down the Chami:)S Elj'sees to the Place de FEtoile, from which 

 three lines operate — one to the Trocadero, one to Porte Dauphine. 

 and one to Porte Maillot. The total length is some 8 miles, and the 

 cost about $7,(^00.000 for construction alone. 



PITBLIC CONTROT, IN GREAT BRITAIN. 



The relation of the nuuiicipality to the subways varies greatly from 

 city to city. In no instance have the city authorities undertaken 

 operation, but in Paris and Boston, as in New York, the public owns 

 the subway, having constructed it at public expense. 



The extent of public control is least in Great Britain, there being 

 a madved ditl'erence between street railways — surface lines — and 

 underground roads. The former are subject to strict control, and 

 the nninicipality may take over a line twenty-one years from the 

 time when the franchise is granted, or may construct or purchase 

 the tracks and rent them to a private company. But no underground 

 road is nnmicipally owned or operated, and no public authority has 

 the right under the act granting the franchise to purchase a line. Of 

 course the local authorities may regulate to a moderate degree, but 

 beyond a somewhat restricted exercise of the police powers they may 

 not go. The most important provision found in any of the acts, ex- 

 cept clauses protecting avowedl}^ private interests, such as are to be 

 found in acts creating steam railroads using private property prin- 

 cipally,'' is oue recjuiring workmen's trains to be run each chiy, morn- 



oThe city has planned for two more sections, maliing eight in all, bringing the 



lotnl liMisitli up to 4S.r) iiiiies, and tlie cost up to botwocn .i;4."),()00,()00 and .$.")0.000.- 

 (H)0. These last two sections have not yet been authorized by tlie central gov- 

 ernment. 



6 Tlu^ restrictions imposed nixm iiriviile compMnics rel;ite priiiciiially to tlie 

 amouni ot cnpital Ihat may l)e issued, tlic extent to \\ iiicli li)ans may Ite nego- 

 tiated, locatidu (if tlic read, tlie property purcliascil, tlie indemnities paid, the 

 maximum fares charged, tlie number of trains run, the motive ]>ower used, etc. 



