METEOROLOGY. 497 



institute. The latter deals with general problems over very extended 

 territories, and cannot possibly go into minute detail. Excepting bar- 

 ometric pressure, these agricultural stations should observe all the 

 atmospheric phenomena. As many as possible are needed in every 

 land, reporting to the central agricultural station. The most important 

 subjects of observation are (1) rainfall, i. e., the quantity, time, and 

 accompanying cloud motion; (2) temperature by means of self-record- 

 ing maximum and minimum thermometers; (3) accurate notes of time 

 and direction of thunder-storms, as well as the directions at which 

 electric discharges are seen; (4) estimate of the dew, as none, light, 

 moderate, heavy, very heavy; (5) maximum temperature of the air in 

 the sun. If all of these cannot be observed, then the first item at the 

 very least must be obtained. 



III. The local meteorological data differ only in form, not in kind, from 

 the preceding. They include all climatic elements of any importance 

 in agriculture; viz, (1) the pressure and its changes; (2) atmospheric 

 moisture; (3) the temperature, its changes and extremes, both in shade 

 and sunshine, and in protected secluded spots ; also in the earth at va- 

 rious depths, and at slight depths under various kinds of superficial 

 soil; (4) wind force and direction; (5) cloudiness and its influence in 

 diminishing insolation, to which latter end, in addition to the ordinary 

 scale to 10 of area covered by clouds, there should be an additional 

 record (i. c, clear, somewhat obscured, moderately obscured, greatly, 

 almost entirely, and entirely obscured), according to the measure of the 

 deprivation of sunlight, and that, too, not only for the moment of obser- 

 vation, but also the general average for the interval elapsed since the 

 last record — in this regard the Campbell sunshine recorder is to be 

 recommended; (6) precipitation, amount, times, and rapidity of fall; 

 (7)dewmeasured'instrumentally; (8) evaporation; (9) ozone, although 

 its importance is not yet evident. 



All these current values, as observed, should be compared with the 

 normal mean values, and the results, together with a similar compari- 

 son of agricultural and phrenological phenomena be fully published. 

 The normal values should proceed by decades of days, as a month is too 

 long, and daily means are not yet available. — {Z. 0. G. M., xvn, pp. 8-11.) 



The Deutsche Seewarte has published an important atlas, embracing 

 thirty-six charts of the Atlantic Ocean, showing its physical relations, 

 its commercial routes, &c. ; especially interesting to the meteorologist 

 are the charts of depth, temperature of water, and meteorological phe- 

 nomena which occupy two-thirds of the volume, and are followed by 

 magnetic and other charts. The work offers the most exact and ex- 

 haustive collection of scientific data accessible for the student of the 

 physics of the Atlantic Ocean. (Z. 0. G. M., xviii, pp. 44 and 70.) 



Angot has published for Paris the diurnal variations and the ex- 

 tremes of temperature and pressure and vapor tension, based on 

 H. Mis. 69 32 



