BOTANY. 693 



Lichens. — Tbe Bericht Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. has a paper by Krabbe ou 

 the morphology and development of tbe Gladoniece, in which be states 

 that the podetia do not belong to the thallus, but lepresent a part of tbe 

 reproductive system, and, together with the spermogonia and apothecia, 

 which they bear, form the fructification of the lichen. The thallus 

 proper of the Cladoniece consists of what is called the protothallus, from 

 wbich the prodetia spring. The development of the thallus of tbe Cali- 

 eiece is treated by Neubner in Flora. He describes the changes which 

 protococcoid gonidia undergo when growing with hyphae, and states 

 that the protococcus form may change into a stichococcus form. O. J. 

 Richards has an article in the Act. Soc. Linn, of Bordeaux on the sub- 

 stratum of lichens, enumerating 44 species which grow on glass, 43 on 

 leather, besides others on iron and bones, and maintains that on sub- 

 stances like glass the development can be clearly seen and does not 

 support the algo-fungal theory of Schwendener. In his Stuuies on Geph- 

 alodia, in the Proc. Roy. Swedish Acad., Forssell describes different forms 

 of cephalodia, or formations containing one or more alga? of a different 

 type from that of the lichen proper, and considers their bearing on the 

 Schwendener theory. 



New American species of lichens have been described in two papers 

 in the Torrey Bulletin by Prof. Edward Tuckermau. The papers are 

 entitled, A new Ramalina, B. crinita, from San Diego ; and New Western 

 Lichens, in which three new species are described, Lecidea Brandegei 

 from Colorado, L. Pringlei and Acolium S.ti Jacohi from California, to- 

 gether with a new genus, Pyrenothamnia, represented by P. Spragtiei 

 from Washington Territory. A new genus has been made by J. Mueller 

 from Staurothele diffractella Tuck., which he calls Willya. 



Grevillea contains two papers by Crombie on British lichens, Enu- 

 meration of the British Gladoniei, and On the Lichens in Dr. Witherincfs 

 Herbarium. The second part of Wainio's Adjumenta ad Lichenographiam 

 Laponice Fennicce is a catalogue with critical notes describing a consid- 

 erable number of new species. Stizenberger has issued a secoud part 

 of his stations and distribution of Swiss lichens, and Zwackh-Holzhau- 

 seu has published an account of the lichens of Heidelberg with deter- 

 minations by Nylander. The lichens of Franche-Comte' have been con- 

 tinued in a third fasciculus by Flagey, and Olivier's Herbitr de VOrne 

 et du Galvados has reached its seventh fasciculus. The Bull. Soc. Bot. 

 France has a paper by Lamy de la Chapelle on the Lichens of Cauteret 

 and Lourdes. Part 17 of J. Mueller's Lichenologische Beitraege in Flora 

 is devoted to species from Australia, and part 18 includes for the greater 

 part species from Brazil. The same botanist has also described the 

 lichens collected by Dr. Naumann on the Gazelle expedition in Engler's 

 Jahrbiicher, and given a revision of extra European lichens published 

 by Meyen and Flotow in 1843. Additions to European lichens have 

 been given by Nylander in Flora. The Journ* Linn. Soc. has papers by 

 Nylander and Crombie on lichens collected in Eastern Asia by A. C. 



