754 SCIENTIFIC RECORD FOR 1883. 



ences are made to authors, whose works will be fully noticed in the 

 bibliography at the end of this paper. In the list of authorities the 

 titles are given under one alphabetical list. 



I. — ANTHROPOGENY. 



J. W. Powell's annual address before the Washington Anthropolog- 

 ical Society was upon human evolution. The greater part of the argu- 

 ment is taken up with the evolution of human culture. The speaker 

 followed -more elaborately the thought of Arthur Mitchell, that the 

 course of human progress has been a war with the lower law of the sur 

 vival of the fittest, waged by men in society, with especial emphasis 

 upon the notion that without well-organized society man would have 

 gone down in the struggle. 



Anthropogeny is still vigorously studied through the insane, defect- 

 ive, and criminal portions of populations, in order to discover evidences 

 of the reappearance of ancestral characteristics by atavism. These in- 

 vestigations are conducted in two widely divergent lines. In one direc- 

 tion they are prosecuted by anatomists especially with reference to 

 protohuman cranial and cerebral characteristics; in the other, by com- 

 parative psychologists for the purpose of determining the pristine con- 

 dition of mind, tbe phases of mental evolution, and the causes, social 

 and otherwise, that produce those pitiable conditions. 



Pre-eminent among the students in this particular field are Lacassagne, 

 Lombroso, CorrC", and Ferri. On the other hand, the brains and crania 

 of distinguished men are called upon the witness stand, to testify as to 

 the relation between brain size and weight with the quality and amount 

 of intelligence. 



Although the ancestry of man is at present looked for in some zoo- 

 logical group far back in Tertiary times, the older theory of man's direct 

 descent from the apes finds its advocates. Among them is M. Borghese, 

 who maintains that man could have descended from the apes. Hart- 

 mann is the author of a treatise upon the manlike apes in comparison 

 with man. 



Not only is the attempt made to find our immediate ancestor of our 

 race in existing fauna, but also the analogues of all human arts and 

 associations. This leads to some curious investigations, for instance 

 that of G. Delaunay on animal doctors. 



Not much is written nowadays about the location of man's origin. 

 W. S. Duncan is the author of a paper on the subject in the Journal of 

 the Anthropological Institute, but the most systematic and thorough 

 discussion is by Count G. de Saporta on the peopling of the earth. 



II. — ARCHEOLOGY. 



The Marquis de Nadaillac has produced a very learned work on pre- 

 historic America, and, for one so far removed from the opportunities of 

 personal examination, he has written a very remarkable book. The 



