ANTHROPOLOGY. 755 



sympathies of the author are somewhat with the romantic school of 

 interpretation, but the tone is far in advance of that which pervades 

 the majority of archaeological works by European Americanists. 



Professor Putnam, in the administration of the Peabody fund, has 

 shown the greatest activity in exploring the mounds. His method has 

 been to take the structure entirely down, on the theory that the tumuli 

 are not concentric series of conical shells with a core, but a series of 

 horizontal layers. The finds at Madisonville, Ohio, were rich and 

 unique, and their description and illustration form the chief feature of 

 the annual report. 



The Bureau of Ethnology has prosecuted archaeological inquiries 

 in two directions, in the mounds and in the pueblos. Dr. Cyrus Thomas, 

 in charge of the former, made a wide exploration, with a view to com- 

 pleting the Smithsonian mound-map. His studies lead him to hold 

 that the mound-builders cannot be separated ethnically from the mod- 

 ern Indians. Colonel Stevenson, exploring the pueblos, has not only 

 gathered a rich harvest of ancient pottery and implements, but he has 

 succeeded in finding a new variety of cliff-houses. Instead of an open 

 shelter walled up, there is an excavation of every part — the windows, 

 doors, and the entire interior — very similar to the ancient ruins of 

 Arabia Petra. Dr. Thomas has also studied the manuscript Troano 

 and other Maya inscriptions. 



The Archaeological Institute of America has divided its resources be- 

 tween two fields — Greece and New Mexico. The second annual report 

 on the American School of Classical Studies at Athens announces that 

 the course was opened by the director, Prof. W. W. Goodwin, October 

 2, 1882, in a roomy and convenient house on the Odbq 'ApaAi'ai;. The 

 Bulletin published in January, 1883, describes the work at Assos in 

 1882, and also presents the report of A. F. Bandelier on his investiga- 

 tions in New Mexico in the spring and summer of 1882. The result of 

 the last-named study is that " there appear to be but two types of 

 aboriginal architecture in New Mexico, the many-storied communal hoiise, 

 and the one-story building of stone. The latter is found either in vil- 

 lages on the level ground and on gradual slopes, or clustering on the 

 rocky shelves and scattered in recesses, like the so-called cliff houses. 

 The cave-dwellings appear as an incidental form, resulting from the 

 ease with which the rock was hollowed out or from the existence of 

 natural cavities, which, from their size and the security of their posi- 

 tion, afforded advantages superior to those of independent buildings. 

 The majority of cave dwellings seem to be many-storied pueblos, scooped 

 out of friable rock or built inside of caverns for protection. But there 

 are also instances where the small-house type is reproduced in the shape 

 of a little cavity or an isolated nook walled up in front." 



Dr. C. C. Abbott announced the discovery of a human molar in the 

 Trenton gravels, associated with the palaeolithic implements previously 

 reported. At the Minneapolis meeting of the American Association, 



