812 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 



1 regret that the Kunandaburi list is so meager, but unfortunately my 

 source of information ran dry before my inquiries could be completed. 

 There are, however, enough taken together with the previously given 

 marital relations, to suggest a similarity to those of the Dieri. The 

 third term, if further inquiry shows it to be correct, is a deviation. 



The custom of Pirauru must necessarily produce doubt as to the pa- 

 ternity of children. A Dieri woman rarely admits that any particular 

 man is the father of her child.* I have shown that it is the group of A 

 men who cohabit with the group of B women (Table I) and vic& versa, 

 and that the whole group of women to which the mother of any given 

 child belongs are also regarded as its mothers. But a distinction is 

 drawn between the mother's Pirauru and herNoa. With the latter she 

 habitually cohabits. • She was specially given to him by her father, or 

 by order of the great council. Hence he claims the right to dispose of 

 her daughter in marriage, and her children call him Apiri=father, or 

 Apini=father-to rue, while they call her Pirauru Apiri waka, that is to 

 say, " little father." Here we can see the commencement of individual 

 marriage, and of the more precise notions of descent which follow it. 



The man's Piraurus are called the mothers of all the children of his 

 Noa; that is, of all the children of the woman with whom he habitually 

 cohabits. But they are the andri waka, that is to say, the " little 

 mother" of those children, while each child's own mother is its andri= 

 mother, or andrini=my mother. 



Hence a man is the " own" father of all the children of his Noa, but 

 the "little father" of the children of his Piraurus. It follows that if 

 every woman is Noa, every child must have some Apini, i. e., some " par- 

 ticular father," and patria potestas can begin. 



Given the cohabitation of a group of A men with a group of B women, 

 as I have shown it to exist, the men being " own " or " tribal brothers," 

 it follows naturally that each one is the father in common of all the children. 

 This we see expressed in the classificatory terms tabulated by me (Table 

 IV). The "father's sister's husband" is not included in this group of 

 fathers. He is kaka, not apiri. The reason of this will appear from the 

 following diagram.t 



(M) A' (M) A (F) A 



(F) B' (F) B (M) B 



B child 



The diagram shows why the father, father's brother, and mother's 



* Informant, Mr. S. Gason. 



t Explanation of diagram. — A and B are the two intermarrying groups. (M) A and 

 (M) A' are brothers, (F) A is their sister. (F) B and (F) B' are the wives of (M) A 

 and (M) A'. (M) B it the husband of (F) A. B is the child of (M) A and (F) B. 

 (M) = male ; (F) = female. 



