840 PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 



of an elongated form arising from a square base. They are made 

 of a chert common at Flint Ridge, in the southeastern part of Licking 

 County. This station, belonging to the lower coal-measures of the Car- 

 boniferous period, consists of a layer of limestone containing many 

 quartz crystals and nodules of chert. Tbe latter were sought by the 

 Indians far and wide, who came to this station and mined for the chert, 

 employing it for their arrow and spear heads. Holes and excavations 

 still exist, pointing back to a time when this was the common center, 

 for hundreds of miles, of the Indians hordes, intent on the material so 

 useful in gaining their sustenance and asserting their sway among the 

 native tribes. It was therefore not an unexpected discovery to find 

 that the arrow heads above mentioned belonged to the same class of 

 cherts as those found at Flint Ridge. 



A few of the bone implements commonly in use by the Indian tribes 

 were found. One of the heavy implements made from elk antlers, usu- 

 ally called awls, had the larger extremity hollowed out for a distance 

 of about 2 inches, and four holes were drilled into this end from oppo- 

 site sides, so that the instruments could be conveniently fastened, by 

 means of a thong, to a belt or to the wrist. If this instrument, 10 

 inches long, with a coarse point, was indeed used as an awl, another 

 implement of bone, of the same length, but long, narrow, and quite flat, 

 showing at one end that it had once been longer as well as pierced, may 

 have formed the needle by means of which the hide was sewed together 

 after the awl had done its work. This needle was evidently made from 

 the rib of some animal. Another piece of bone, pointed at one end, may 

 be called an awl or an eyeless needle. It was only 2 inches long. A 

 fractured bone, pointed at one end and about 4J inches long, could 

 scarcely have been anything but an awl. Quite a singular implement, 

 made of an antler point, rounded and smoothed as well as hollowed out 

 at the larger extremity, is without doubt an arrow-point, and the points 

 are found in Ohio of any size between 1 and 4 inches. This suggested 

 the idea that although the pointed instruments made from elk antlers 

 are ordinarily to be considered as awls, the peculiar specimen above 

 described may have been used as a spear-head, the holes being useful 

 in fastening it to the spear-shaft. 



Marginella apicina, a marine shell, found only in the Gulf of Mexico 

 and the neighboring Atlantic, was found about the neck of one of the 

 skeletons. About thirty of these handsome little shells were picked 

 up which had once formed a necklace in connection with some shell 

 beads immediately to be described. The marginellas had been pierced 

 by rubbing the apex of the shell obliquely on some stone until the 

 chambers of the shell were exposed, after which they could be readily 

 threaded. 



The rest of the shell beads show more artistic skill. They are small, 

 round, and made from some larger shells, probably the common unios 

 of the river. The largest were only one-eighth of an inch large, and the 



