COMPARATIVE PHONOLOGY OF FOUR SIOUAN LANGUAGES 921 



a medial t, between t and d. 



an explosive t. 



as in we. 



a sound between b and w. 



as gh, tbe sonant of o (kh). 



as in you. 



as z and s in zones. 



asj in judge. 



as ch in church. 



a medial tc, between tc and dj. 



an explosive tc. 



as in its. 



a medial ts, between ts and dz. 



as n in canon. 



as wh in when, what. 



Almost any consonant can be prolonged by adding tbe plus sign (-{-)• 



Tbe consonants may be arranged as in tbe following table : 



Table II. — Classification of Consonants. 

 A. — Mutes. 



In tbe Dakota books whicb bave been published up to date, no dis- 

 tinctions bave been made between long and sbort vowels. The writer 

 cannot say that such distinctions do exist in Dakota, but be knows that 

 they are essential in (pegiba, j/riwere, and Hotcangara. 



InPonka "o" and its compounds are always wanting, but that dialect 

 has the diphthongs, which have not been found in Dakota. The Dakota 

 never use the following: <£, r, 9, and the sonant-surds (according to Mr. 

 Riggs). The xoiwere does not use b, g, j, 1, s, and z. In tbe Osage, the 

 only sonants are £ and x, the sonant-surds taking the places of their 

 corresponding sonants. The vowels, u, u, and ii n , are peculiar to the 

 Kansas, Osage, and Kwapa. Inverted m and w are used by the Kansas. 



*No "dz" has been found, so far, by the writer in any of these languages. 



