DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF STREPTOMYCES 



28:-! 



studied by Conn (1943) and by Cochrane 

 and Conn (1947). 



Various strains closely related to S. vio- 

 laceoruber have been isolated all over the 

 world; some have been listed as varieties, 

 such as achrous and flavus (Cause et al., 

 1957). Most of the strains now in the culture 

 collections, designated as *S'. codicolor, ac- 

 tually belong to S. violaceoruber. 



Type culture: Waksman and Curtis strain 

 Xo. 3030, available in the IMRU culture 

 collection. 

 Synonyms : 



A. violaceus Waksman and Curtis 



(Waksman and Curtis, L916). 

 .4. violaceus-ruber Waksman and Curtis 



(Waksman, L918). 

 A. waksmanii Bergey (Bergey's Man- 

 ual, 3rd ed. 1930). 

 A. codicolor (Miiller) Lieske (Bergey's 

 Manual, 4th and 5th ed., 1934, 1939). 

 S. codicolor (Miiller) Waksman and 

 Henrici (Bergey's Manual 6th and 

 7th ed., 1948, 1957). 

 .1. codicolor (Miiller) Krassilnikov 



(Krassilnikov, 1941). 

 A. codicolor Krassilnikov (Cause et al, 

 1957). 

 Possible synonym: A. pluricolor Berest- 

 new emend. Krassilnikov. 



Morphology: Aerial mycelium mono- 

 podially branched; abundant formation of 

 spirals with 3 to 8 turns, sinistrorse. Ac- 

 cording to Naganishi and Xomi (1954), two 

 or more sporulating branches may grow from 

 the same spot on the main sporophore. 

 Secondary branches may also be produced. 

 Terminal branches are often arranged in 

 clusters or umbellate forms. Terminal hy- 

 phae carry many spirals. Spores spherical to 

 oval, 0.7 to 1.0 by 0.8 to 1.5 n (PI. IV Ah). 

 Surface of spores smooth. Asporogenous, 

 nonpigmented strains can be obtained by 

 plating out cultures on carbohydrate-free 

 synthetic media containing nontoxic surface- 

 acting agents (Erikson, 19551)). 



Sucrose nitrate agar: Substrate growth 

 abundant, colorless al first, becoming red, 

 then blue to dark blue. Aerial mycelium 

 thin, powdery, white, becoming ash-gray, 

 with a bluish tinge; on some media, light 

 pink to cinnamon; sometimes blue drops can 

 be observed on the surface of the aerial my- 

 celium. Soluble rv{\ pigment on acid media, 

 changing to dark blue as medium becomes 

 alkaline. 



Glycerol-asparagine agar: Growth good, 

 violet to deep blue. Soluble pigment diffuse- 

 through medium. 



Glucose-asparagine agar: Growth poor; 

 red pigment does not diffuse readily. 



Nutrient agar: Growth white, becoming 

 red with white margin. Xo soluble brown 

 pigment. Melanin-negative. 



Potato: Small, brownish, lichenoid colonies. 

 Aerial mycelium white. Mycelium and plug 

 gradually colored red and blue. 



Gelatin: Growth cream-colored, becoming 

 pink or blue. Liquefaction slow. 



Milk: Gray surface ring, with red or blue 

 tinge. Coagulation limited ; peptonization 

 rapid. 



Starch agar: Growth pink. Hydrolysis 

 rapid. 



Cellulose: Growth good. 



Nitrate reduction: Excellent. 



Sucrose: Inversion. 



Carbon sources: Utilizes L-xylose, L- 

 arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-fructose, rafhnose 

 (some strains only faintly), D-mannitol. Xone 

 or poor utilization by most strains: sucrose, 

 inulin. 



Antagonistic properties: Most strains do 

 not show any strong antagonistic effect; 

 several cultures, which seem to belong or are 

 closely related to S. violaceoruber, produce 

 coelicolorin, actinorhodin, streptocyanin, 

 and mycetin. 



Habitat: Very common, especially in field 

 soils. 



Remarks: Ettlinger et al. I L 958) considered 

 S. violaceoruber, quite incorrectly, as a 



