Appendices 



Two appendices are given here, each of 

 which is of special significance. 



I. Since the colors of the substrate growth, 

 the aerial mycelium, and the spores, as well 

 as the pigmenl dissolved in the medium, are 

 highly importanl in classifying actinomycetes, 

 a well -recognized and universally available 

 standard must he used for color evaluation. 

 Unfortunately, some of the besl standard 

 charts and volumes are not generally ac- 

 cessible. Hence, a simplified system, readily 

 understood, must he used. Such a system has 

 been proposed by Lindenbein (1952). It is 

 presented here, with certain modifications 

 and in terms of English equivalents, 

 as Appendix I. Several color charts are 

 available for this purpose. The following 

 standards may he consulted: Ridgeway 

 (1912), Sacchardo (1912), Maerz and Paul 

 (1930), and Munsell. 



II. A knowledge of the chemical com- 

 position of the media used for the growth of 

 actinomycetes is essential for characteri- 

 zation of species and varieties. Suitable 

 media also are essential for good sporula- 

 tion and for the production of importanl 

 biochemical products, notably antibiotics 

 and vitamins. Numerous media have been 

 proposed for the growth of actinomycetes, 

 to serve one purpose or another. To list 

 them all here is hardly necessary. Only a 

 few have been selected. These include syn- 

 thetic, artificial organic, and complex natural 

 media. 



For microscopic examination of the 

 culture, it is desirable to make stained 

 preparations. Some of the general principles 

 underlying light microscopic and electron- 

 microscopic preparations have been dis- 

 cussed in Chapter 2 of Volume I. 



Appendix I 



< 'olor Designations for Describing 

 Actinomycetes ( Lindenbein) 



/. White: (a) snow-white (niveus), (b) 

 glossy white {candidus), (c) silver-white 

 (argenteus), (d) milk-white (lacteus), (e) 

 chalk-white (cretaceus), (f) gray-white (far- 

 inaceus); also cream, egg-shell, and ivory. 



2. Violet: (a) bluish-violet (violaceus), 

 (b) reddish-violet (lilaceus), also lavender, 

 mauve, purple. 



3. Blue: (a) dark blue (caeruh us), (b) 

 cornflower blue (cyaneus), (c) sky blue 

 (azureus), (d) gray-blue (caesius), (e) 

 yellowish-blue (lividus). 



4. Green: (a) grass-green (viridis), (b) 

 emerald green (smaragdin us), (c) blue- 

 green (glaucus), (d) forest-green (prasinus), 



(e) olive-green (olivaceus). 



5. Yellow: (a) light yellow (flavus), (b) 

 deep yellow (luteus), (c) citron-yellow 

 (citrinus), (d) golden yellow (aureus), (e) 

 sulfur-yellow (sulfureus), (f) white-yellow 

 (stramineus) , (g) brownish-yellow (gilvus), 

 (h) egg-yolk yellow (vitellinus) , (i) pale 

 yellow (luridus), (k) greenish-yellow (galbus). 



6. Orange: (a) light orange (aurantiacus) , 

 (b) dark reddish-orange (croceus). 



7. Red: (a) dark red (ruber), (b) carmine- 

 red (puniceus), (c) scarlet red (coccineus), 

 (d) fire-red (igneus), (e) pale carmine (roseus), 



(f) flesh-red (carneus, incarnatus), (g) 

 purple-red (purpureus), (h) cinnabar-red 

 (cinnabarinus) , (i) lead-red (miniatus), (k) 

 brick-red (lateritius) , (1) blood-red (san- 

 guineus), (m) brownish-copper red (cupreus), 

 (n) light yellow-red (rutilus); also pink, 

 coral-pink, rose, and wine-colored (vinaceus). 



8. Brown: (a) light brown (brunneus), 



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