492 Tin: I'UK-IllSTORIC races of ITALY. 



ill iiortlicni Italy the proportion is 87 i)er cent. In northern Italy 

 less than 1 per cent, are of the extreme Sardinian t.y])e, with the index 

 Ix'low 74; while in sonthern Italy 17 ])er cent, belonj; to tliis type. 

 The (litl'erence of race, as shown by the dillerence in the sliape of the 

 sknll, may account to some extent for the difference in the existing civi- 

 lization in the north and soutli of the i)eninsula. 



Early in the JS^eolithic age, before the reindeer had withdrawn from 

 Belgium, another race makes its appearance in Europe. They were a 

 round-headed i)eople of short stature, with a mean cephalic index of 

 about 84. We llrst find their remains in the sepulchral caves of Belgium 

 and central France, wlience they extended to Savoy and to the Kha>- 

 tian and Maritime Alps. They manufactured rude pottery; their wea- 

 pons were axes of flint, carefully chii)ped and roughly polished, and 

 spears tipped with bone or horn. The skull is of the same shape as that 

 of the Lapps, whom they|resembled in their short stature. Their original 

 speech is probably represented by the Bascjue, and a few of their words 

 may be preserved in mountain names of the Alpine region, such as 

 Cima, "a hill," which is seen in the name of Cimiez near Nice, of the 

 Cimade.lazi, and of the Cevenues. They are designated as the Auv- 

 ergnat, Khtetian, or Ligurian race. 



In the early Neolithic period we find in Italy only these two races, 

 the dolichocephalic, or long-headed, Iberian race, who are physically 

 allied to the North African tribes, and the brachycephalic, or round- 

 headed, Ligurian race, allied to the Lapps and Finns. These two races 

 inhabited the same caves, together or in succession. Thus in a Neo- 

 lithic cave at Monte Tignoso, near Livorno, two skulls were found, one 

 of the Iberian type, with an index less than 71, and another of the Ligu- 

 rian tyi>e, with an index of 02. In another Neolithic cave, called the 

 Caverna della Matta, an Iberian skull was found with an index of 08, 

 and a Ligurian skull with an index of 84. No anthropologist woulii 

 admit that these skulls could have belonged to men of the same race. 



We now come to the third Italian race, which maybe called the 

 Umbrian or Latin race. They spoke an Aryan language, and must 

 be regarded as the ancestors of the Romans. They made their 

 ap])earan('e in Europe at a much later time, probably not more than 

 0,000 or 7,000 years ago. They were taller and more i)owerful than 

 either of the earlier races, and wereorthocephalic, with an index of from 

 79 to 81. When we first meet with tliem, they are no longer mere 

 sav^ages, living solely by the chase, but are a pastoral people, who had 

 domesticated the dog, the ox, and the sheep, and who had invented the 

 canoe, an<l even the ox-wagon, in which they followed their herds over 

 central I^urope. They no longer, like the two earlier ra(;es, sheltered 

 themselves in caves, but lived in huts made of boughs plastered with 

 clay, and in winter in pit dwellings roofed with poles and twigs. 



We can trace this race all over Central Europe. We find their re- 

 mains in the round barrows of Britain, but more especially in the pile 



