CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 627 



and always submitted to them, finds himself in an atmosphere of crime 

 to which he adapts himself, and so commits it in the same kind of way 

 as he breathes the air of the ill-ventilated tenement house or cellar in 

 which he lives. In order to create a type there must be a continuation 

 of characteristics, a recurrence in given directions, which is repeated 

 again and again until it becomes fixed, and the required characteristics 

 are manifested in every normal individual of each generation. This 

 forms a type: without this continued re-appearance of characteristics, 

 no type is formed. 



Manouvrier declared that no account had been taken of the different 

 kinds of crimes, crimes which were different in their motives, requir- 

 ing different kinds of individuals to commit them, and that a type for 

 one would not stand as a type for the other. He divided these thus: 



First : Strange crimes, those inexplicable to the normal man, such 

 as were committed by the insane, by the epileptic, idiots, and the de- 

 lirious. This ground belongs to pathology and to teratology. 



Second : Crimes committed under the influence of passing troubles 

 or delirium, such as anger, drunkenness, Jealousy, fear, etc. It is nec- 

 essary to distinguish in these criminals thus deranged whether they 

 be habitual or accidental; that is to say, the irascible, the habitual 

 drunkard, the insanely jealous, etc. 



Thiixl : The crimes accomplished in cold blood, after a certain fash- 

 ion — deliberate, intentional, with malice aforethought; and he asserted 

 that it was to the latter class and to that alone the investigations of this 

 congress should be confined. To the two others it went without say- 

 ing that they might have had predispositions to crime as they had pre- 

 dispositions to the various maladies which influenced them to crime, 

 some of which they could possibly avoid, others of which they possibly 

 could not. In these cases it was the malady that caused the crimes, 

 for which it was responsible, and that the crime in these categories 

 was not the deliberate act or intent of the criminal. 



The distinction between the normal and the pathological state, based 

 on a physiological analysis, is indispensable in the study of this sub- 

 ject. But to do this satisfactorily, how great the difficulty? If this 

 be difficult, how impossible to classify properly the doubtful and inter- 

 mediate cases? Without these doubtful and intermediate cases being 

 fully classified we will have naught but physiological disorder. It is 

 necessary also to distinguish physiologically and anatomically between 

 the normal and the abnormal state (this of the same persons ?). Physi- 

 ologically it is abnormal to murder or to rob without motive, or at 

 least without other motive than the mere pleasure, whether it be the 

 gratification to the criminal or the pleasure he may receive to see an- 

 other suffer. But one must be an optimist to believe that it is abnor- 

 mal to covet the property of another, and so coveting to seek to 

 appropriate it. It is idle not to recognize, in addition to the imperfec- 

 tions of human nature, the jiernicious influence that is exercised by 



