CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 633 



criminal born and tbe criminal of occasion. But he conceded that the 

 existence of criminal anatomic characteristics might be limited or even 

 absent in the latter class. He declares woman to be a criminal of 

 occasion, except with prostitution, wherein she represented the born 

 criminal. But in the criminal born he insisted upon the existence of 

 physical signs which he declared to be undeniable, and that while their 

 number and importance vary from one individual to another, yet when 

 considered together, had a value and signification " absolument incon- 

 testable." While he would not deny the influences sociologic, mesologic, 

 geographic, and orographic, yet the effect of these influences was only 

 to intensify the criminal characteristics which existed anatomically 

 and fundamentally. Thus it will be seen that in the discussion between 

 these two representatives of the different schools, in spite of the appar- 

 ent diversity of their opinion they came nearly together by an exchange 

 of partial and reciprocal concession. Yet this harmony was more ap- 

 parent than real, for in the subsequent discussions of the Congress, 

 whenever anything was said ftivoring the existence of a criminal type, 

 it immediately precipitated a return to the former discussion. 



In the discussion of the seventh question the whole argument was 

 gone over again. The skull of Charlotte Corday, which belonged, with 

 all guaranty of authenticity, to the collection of Prince Eolaud Bona- 

 parte, was presented as an illustration of a born criminal because of 

 the depth of the occipital fossettes. This immediately brought out 

 Lombroso, who returned to the attack with all his ardor and power, 

 and after him Benedikt, of Vienna, Garofalo, Ferri, Brouardel, and 

 at last, M. Herbette. The latter, with Dr. Brouardel, seemed to be the 

 most conservative. They presented, each of them, in calm and consid- 

 erate but elegant language, the necessity for careful study and profound 

 investigation. Festina lenta was their motto. While they recom- 

 mended the investigation and study to be made with ardor, and pushed 

 to the extreme, they counseled that the conclusions should not be made 

 hastily, changes should not be made brusquely, opinions not be an- 

 nounced dogmatically, or by going too rapidly, this science might com- 

 promise its force, its authority, or its prestige. 



The importance of this question or the value of its discussions in this 

 congress can not be overestimated, for while the substance may have 

 been argued pro and con in years past, yet here for almost the first 

 time the scientific men of the world were assembled in an international 

 congress for its discussion, with full opportunity for preparation, and 

 with the knowledge that they were here to be brought face to face with 

 their opponents or those who held different opinions from themselves, 

 and here they were to appear with what arguments, reasons, statistics 

 they might have in defense of the position which they claimed to be 

 right. Accordingly as this question shall be decided, so should there 

 be a change in the fabric of our criminal jurisprudence. If men are 

 born criminals then they are not to be punished as they would be if 



