CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 641 



of Italy, mentioned an influence towards crime that had not been no- 

 ticed, to wit, the heredity social influence ; that is, the tradition which 

 is instilled into the mind of every child, before he knows the difference 

 between right and wrong, that by which he obtains the rudiments of 

 his knowledge of right and wrong. Whether it be correct or not, it is 

 the child's standard. He gets it not from any knowledge or theory of 

 justice, but from the tradition of his own neighborhood, as it is taught 

 by his parents and associates, by the people, and as it is believed by 

 them. 



Dr. Manouvrier responded : The argument of M. Ferri on the pre-dis- 

 posiug importance of the anatomic characters proves nothing, because 

 he has taken account of only the general sociologic influences, and not 

 enough of the daily events of infinite details which happen to every 

 man continually from his birth, and while each one of them was of the 

 minimum in itself, yet aggregated made a sociologic surrounding in the 

 life of the man to such extent as to change its form, and make him be- 

 come what he is. The study of criminality among animals proves that 

 education can change him to be contrary to all his hereditary in- 

 stincts, even contrary to his essential anatomic organization. M. Ea- 

 bourdiu succeeded in rendering his wolf an honest and respectable 

 animal, so that it would not attack or devour sheep, but \vould content 

 himself with his regular meals duly served. The regular meal to the 

 wolf played the same role that the daily income does to man, by the 

 grace of which many persons who might easily become criminals pass 

 their days with high heads in society and enjoy the confidence of their 

 neighborhoods with a reputation all their lives of being honest men. 

 He elaborated the necessity of consideration in this matter, not only of 

 the number of the conditions and circumstances which had an influence 

 upon us, but still further the arrangement and position relative to these 

 conditions. The possible combinations became infinite and not to be 

 measured, and the realization of two cases apparently alike, theoretic- 

 ally alike, might be practically unlike, and what became in one indi- 

 vidual entirely possible became in the other entirely impossible. As to 

 his illustration of the wolf, he said that this was introduced to show 

 how ditticult it was to educate any animal to disobey his instincts, but 

 still the illustration proved that it could be done. 



Question V. — The infancy of children in its relation to a predisposi- 

 tion to crime. Dr. Romeo Taverni, professor of the University of 

 Catania, Italy, and Dr. Magnan, director of the insane asylum at 

 Sainte Anne, Paris, re[)orters. 



First part by Dr. Eomeo Taverni. The science of anatomy can not 

 alone tell us the genesis of crime in an individual man, and it never 

 will, because the moral life of humanity, the most simple phenomenon, 

 will carry us to many causes for its explanation, and must be searched 

 for among many sciences, and will never be found in a single cause 

 nor by a single method. The problem is to search the brain of the 

 H. Mis. 129 41 



