CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 677 



(4) Iris reflection more or less greenish and with a chestnut anreole. 



(5) Same shade with brown aureole. 



(6) In this class the chestnut is no longer clustered in an aureole 

 around the pupil, but spread on the whole surface of the iris and only 

 shows some greenish yellow irisalions. 



(7) Eye entirely brown. 



This grouping enables us to pass by almost imperceptible transitions 

 from the light blue eye to the pure brown eye. To examine the eyes 

 the operator should place himself iu the angle of a window, his back to 

 the light, — avoid using the word gray. For further details read the 

 Revue Scientifique of July 18, 1885; also, Annales de Demographic, 

 1881-82, "ia couleur de Vlris en lanthropologie,''^ by Alphouse Bertillon. 



This procedure gives six measures of each individual, but upon neces- 

 sity they can be increased indefinitely. The efiect is twofold. One is 

 to procure a reliable means of identification of the individual by means 

 of an accurate measurement of certain portions, the bony structure of 

 his body, which in the case of the adults does not change. Fatness or 

 leanness, well or ill condition, has no effect upon these measurements. 

 They are and always will be (except the height) the same, and neither 

 by will or trick can any one make them different. The other effect is 

 to provide an arrangement by which the cards may be segregated and 

 classified so that the individual can easilj' be found. 



The cards on which these measurements are recorded are of a regular 

 size and pattern, with })rinted forms, so as to always give the same indi- 

 cation. The size used by M. Bertillon is 5f inches square. Both sides 

 are utilized for description, and on the one are placed the two photo- 

 graphs — front and profile view — the full face on the right, profile on the 

 left. 



These cards are then arranged in boxes or drawers after the manner 

 of call cards in the U. S. National Museum; that is, on edge, the face 

 to tlie front, the depth of the box being not more than half the height 

 of the card so that it can easily be seen and read during examination 

 without being taken out. 



The classification of these cards and photographs in their boxes is 

 such that the descriptive card of any individual will fall into a subdi- 

 vision of not more than ten or twenty other cards, and can be found, as 

 was done by Signor Moleschott, Professor Mason, and myself within a 

 space of 2 minutes. 



M. Bertillon has at Paris 100,000 photographs of criminals and 

 arrested persons, and these are increasing at a wonderfully rapid rate. 

 The i)roportion of 40.000 may be excluded from our present consider- 

 ation, being those of women and children. Sixty thousand are of men 

 of mature age, and as we have already seen the measurements were 

 made of those portions of the body of the bony structures, the size of 

 which or length of which can not be changed. 



