CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 683 



out of tliem, he may be bis own dnpe, and fiuisb by becoming the insnn«^ 

 person that he at first only pretended to be. The simulation, even wlieu 

 successful, does not necessarily give evidence of intellectual ability. 

 It does not in these cases require a high order of intellectual ability to 

 deceive; deceit is not intelligence. It is many times difficult to detect 

 insanity in a given individual, but it is much more difificult to detect 

 the simulation of insanity. To do this with certainty requires the most 

 skillful and best trained scientist. A moment's consideration of the 

 proposition will serve to confirm the opinions so many times expressed 

 by members of this Congress as to the necessity for an anthropological 

 education and training on the part of the judges and law officers deal- 

 ing with criminals. 



Question XXII. — The influence of professional life upon criminality. 

 Dr. Henri Coutagne, of Lyon, reporter. 



The object of this memoir was to present the importance of those 

 studies which had for their object a research into what the reporter 

 called "professional psychology," or the psychology of professional life. 

 He said the psychic functions of the individual were greatly influenced 

 by the profession he chose to exercise among his fellows. That the vo- 

 cation or profession showed the tendency of races or of individuals. He 

 spoke of the special aptitude of the Hebrew race for financial affairs. 

 His memoir was as much graphic as written, and showed nine classes 

 of professions, and the criminals which had belonged to each. This 

 had been continued and kept up by him and his predecessor since the 

 year 1829, and was devoted largely to statistics as well as enforcing their 

 value and importance. These statistics showed that much the larger 

 proportion of criminals is to be found among the agricultural and indus- 

 trial population. He enlarged upon the necessity for statistics, and 

 invoked the various societies, as the bar associations, the medical soci- 

 eties, and those representing other trades and professions, to gather 

 with thoroughness and detail the number of criminals, the habit of 

 life of the various individuals, and especially this with regard to their 

 course in crime. The congress drifted into a discussion as to the im- 

 portance of statistics, those to be gathered as well by the state as by 

 the different societies and organizations mentioned. 



M. Herbette enlarged upon the necessity for complete and accurate 

 statistics gathered by the penitentiaries and prisons, and spoke of the 

 necessity of what he called " a bulletin official individual," which should 

 show every act in crime and in life and in the surroundings of the indi- 

 vidual, his temptations, opportunities, his first tendencies to crime, and 

 his criminal life both in and out of prison, so far as possible, and to this 

 should be added the anthropologic and ps'^chologic investigations. 



Dr. Wilson, from the United States of America, after noticing the 

 necessity for a general plan of gathering statistics with accuracy and 

 detail, and making a collation and classification of reports for purposes 

 of comparison, and the fact that thus defined there were scarcely any 



