714 TECHNOLOGY AND CIVILIZATION. 



obsoivutioii shows tliat \vc have subjected all these (lascs, in conse(iuciico 

 of the suitable inclosiug- of the liquids iu ehaunels, pipes, and vessels, 

 to such a forced way of motion— I at one time proposed to name it 

 "forced-ruunin*;^'' — that they are able to work iu mechanisms as dolirm 

 bodies, but have this advaucage of couforming themselves always to 

 their surroundings. 



If we introduce something of this kind iu our ruuuiug work (Fig. 1), 

 replaciug the cog bar by a stream of water, then our ruuuiug work 

 becomes a water wheel, mediocre indeed, if the water is taken as the 

 driving force. It becomes a dip[)ing wheel or spray wheel wheu the 

 wheel a is propelling and the water h is the propelled body. 



The i)racti(HMn machines leads to the same thought concerning ob- 

 struction work. The obstructing ratchets are named valves wheu either 

 the wheel a or its substitute — a section of the wheel, cog bar, etc. — 

 have been converted to liquids. The valves are in reality in every 

 way, try them or examine them as wni will, the obstructing ratchets of 

 the liquid. One observes immediately wdiat a new, great, yes, even 

 grand, enlargement has been gained by the putting into use of these 

 drive works. Examples surround us, I should say crowd around us. 

 Our common water-pump, with the butt of the valves and the sucking 

 valve, is a water leap work prepared exactly in accordance with the 

 scheme mentioned before, viz, of that leap work found in Fig. 2. Also 

 in check work we find fluids, liquids, and gates taking the place of an 

 ascending wheel or its substitute, as in water throwing machines and 

 not less in steam-engines. 



In fact, regarding these machines as drive works, they correspond to 

 clocks which I have taken as illustrations of obstruction works, the 

 difference being solely that in clocks a harmful resistance, iu the other 

 machines a useful resistance, is overcome. Had I more time I would 

 prove their similarity in all points. 



The valves, for iustance, often single, but sometimes a combination 

 of two or more in one machine, correspond to the so-called anchor of 

 the clock check work, to the eccentric (muschelschieber) of the steam 

 engine, the pendulum of the clock being represented by the vibrating 

 butt, etc. 



Thus tiie great and powerful steam-engine legitimately and with 

 perfect ease falls in the line, taking there its rightful place. And so 

 must it be with scientific perception which will have to do with true, 

 logical connection only (not with sensational), performing wonders. 

 But iu dealing w'ith this principle we must gain one more ascent iu 

 order to attain the full theoretical horizon. Let us not regret the 

 tritiing exertion which must bring abundant reward. 



Noting, from the common standpoint, the source of power in our 

 steam-engine, we find within the collected mass of stored-up steam an 

 active, communicating atom force, which is an expansive power or ten- 

 siou work. The boiler, too, with its valves and contrivance for letting 



