368 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1961 



French Clement-Bayard of 1908 



Frencli Renault of 1908 



French Vivinus of 1908 



French Chenu of 1909 



German Daimler of 1909 



English Green of 1910 



Italian Fiat of 1910 



American Hansen and Snow of 1910 



American Sturtevant of 1911 



German Adler of about 1911 



German A.E.G. of about 1912 



Between World Wars I and II the following American automobile 

 water-cooled engines were converted to power the listed airplanes. 



Model T Ford-engined Sessions-Smith Pietenpol "Sky Scout" of 1932 

 Plymouth-engined Fahlin "Plymo-Coupe" of 1935 

 Ford Model A-engined "Wiley Post" of 1935 

 Studebaker-engined Waterman "Arrowbile" of 1936 

 Ford V-8-englned Arrow "Sport V-8" of 1936 



After World War II the following German air-cooled automobile 

 engines were used in the listed airplanes. 



Volkswagen-engined French Jodel "D-9" of 1948 onward 

 Volkswagen-engined French Druine "D.31 Turbulent" of 1956 onward 

 Volkswagen-engined Belgian Avions Fairey "T-66 Tipsy Nipper" of 1956 



onward. In addition, PoUman "Hepu" Porsche engines were available for 



those wishing increased power. 



In this country by 1960 some airplanes were already powered by the 

 American Chevrolet Corvair air-cooled automobile engine, although 

 up to that time no manufacturer had produced an airplane design 

 to be powered with it. 



In conclusion, let it be noted that the Santos Dumont Clement 

 motorcycle- type engine started a trend that continued (for single- 

 seat light aircraft) until World War II. The Wright brothers' auto- 

 mobile-type engine started a trend that continued through 1960 (and 

 probably will continue for a good many years) for one- and two-seat 

 light airplanes. The Manly-Balzer type of engine was the only one 

 of the three that was truly an airplane engine. What started out as 

 a static, water-cooled radial evolved to the rotary air-cooled engines 

 of World War I, and thence to the static, air-cooled radials of World 

 War II. These engines, because of their greater simplicity and light- 

 ness, had gained ascendancy over the automobile-type water-cooled 

 ones with in-line cylinders by the beginning of World War II. 

 Since that time the jet engine has come to the fore with regard to 

 high-performance airplanes, but the radial engine through 1960 was 

 still the choice of many operators because of its low original cost and 

 low fuel consumption. 



