CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 621 



The discussions of the cougress were opened at its second session, 

 Monday morning, August 12, by Signor Lombroso, upon the first ques- 

 tion, "The Latest Discoveries ofCrirninal Anthropology." His discus- 

 sion soon develoi)e(l tlie fact that there were two great parties in this 

 congress. One, which was led by Lombroso, and might be called the 

 Italian school, for it comprised a great proportion, though not all, of 

 the Italian delegates; and the other, lead by Dr. Manouvrier, to whom 

 adhered the majority of the French delegates. 



Question I. — Signor Lombroso said a Greek philosopher in moving, 

 proved the fact of movement, and it is so to day with the discoveries of 

 criminal anthropology. These discoveries prove the existence of the 

 science bettei' than the most rhetorical amplifications. The most impor- 

 tant problem of the last congress, then only half resolved, has been com- 

 l)leted by the studies of Verga, Brunati, Marro, Batl, Gonzale, Tonnia, 

 Pinero, and by himself. The number of cases of epilepsy with intervals 

 of consciousness has been extended by genealogic studies of epileptic 

 families, by their derivation from criminals, from consumptives, from 

 aged parents, accompanied with the predominance of awkwardness and 

 clumsiness, by frequent vertigos, occasional delirium, etc. The occa- 

 sional cases of epilepsv without absence of moral sense, but with ere;h- 

 ism or exaggerated sensibilities, explains how some persons, criminals 

 because of their passion, have many times an unconsciousness of their 

 own criminal acts. The role of epilepsy extended itself into the cate- 

 gory of the criminal insane, principally among the victims of alcohol- 

 ism, the hysterics, and other monomaniacs. One has onlj^ to take the 

 chart of Esquirol on the homicidal monomaniacs to find the manifesta- 

 tion and extent of psychic epilepsy. 



The "criminals of occasion," studied anthropologically, have shown 

 in themselves (as one can say in the language of bacteriology) attenu- 

 ated, but nevertheless, distinctly visible, characters of the born crimi- 

 nal. His sensibility is less obtuse, his reflexes less irregular, the anom- 

 aly less frequent, especially in the skull, but they have always the 

 characters of the criminal born in some degree, such as the blackest 

 hair in the servant who is a thief, awkwardness more frequent among 

 the swindlers, and that they are all more governed by impulse. 



In my study of the photographs taken by Mr. Francis Galton, said 

 be, I have found in eighteen skulls of condemned iiersons, two types 

 which resemble marvelously and with an exaggeration which is evident, 

 the characters of the criminal and approaching those of the savage. 

 Frontal sinuses well marked, cheek and jaw bones very large, orbits 

 large and distant, an unsymmetrical face, the nasal overture of a phe- 

 leiform type, and lenvurian attachment of the under jaw. The other 

 skulls of the swindlers, thieves, and robbers gave to me a type lesspre- 

 cise, but the want of symmetry, the great size of the orbits and the 

 prominence of the cheek bones were well marked, though less than in 

 the former cases. The auoma lies were less marked than in the eighteen 



