622 CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 



skulls above mentioned. This discovery appears to me to have an 

 importance not at first seen, for it serves to increase the signification 

 and importance of the statistics of anthropometry. In order to obtain 

 reliable indications we should investigate only homogeneous groups. 



Mr. Lemoine has published in the Archives d' Anthropologic Crimi- 

 nelle of Lyon an anomaly which is perhaps unique: The union of the 

 frontal lobes found in an ex-member of the commune who died at his 

 house in Lille. 



M. Severi has shown that compared with the normal type the crimi- 

 nals have a great capacity or size and extent of the fossettes of the cere- 

 bellum. 



Marino has demonstrated the diffusion of the occipital fossette: 22 

 per cent, among the Papuans and 25 per cent, among the iSew Zealand- 

 ers, while he has confirmed the same proportion that I have found 

 among the Europeans and among the criminals. 



Joly has confirmed the strange phenomenon that the physiognomy of 

 criminals loses the stamp or type of their nationality. 



Ottolenghi has studied and developed the curious characteristics of 

 criminals in regard to baldness or gray hair. He has found in them 

 an enormous retardation, comparable only to the epileptics and idiots. 

 He also found the wrinkles to be more numerous among criminals, and 

 above all the one naso labial, which he remarked as a characteristic. 



The female criminals differ among each other as much as the men, 

 and these characters are almost entirely absent. 



The criminals have a peculiar gesticulation. They have a jargon or 

 dialect among themselves, as well as a caligraphy, which latter has been 

 confirmed by hypnotism. 



The peculiarities of criminals extend even to their art. They excel 

 in mechanics and in their precision of detail, but they lack in ideality. 

 The study of molecular changes has given some curious results. The 

 average temperature is much above the normal in criminals. It pre- 

 sents but slight variation in pyretic maladies. An analysis of the urine 

 of criminals boru gives a greater proportion of phosphoric acid and less 

 of azote. 



Lombroso did not continue his presentation at great length nor with 

 great detail. He referred his audience to his last book, which was pub- 

 lished with the maps, scales, and tables therein set forth, and he declared 

 his unwillingness to take away from his colleagues the pleasure which 

 they might have in presenting some of their own discoveries. 



Dr. Manouvrier followed him and disputed his proposition, and 

 plunged into the discussion of the great question whether criminals 

 were born or made. He pronounced the theory of his opponents to be 

 but a recitation of the exploded science of phrenology, which, whatever 

 good it may have proved, was compelled to fall before the poverty of 

 its experimental statistics and our certain knowledge. He admitted 

 the physiologic and anatomic differences mentioned by Lombroso, but 



