624 CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 



erty, aud bo declared it to exteud backwards, not only throughout this 

 life, but might have been derived from the parents especially the mother. 

 Garofalo disputed the assertion of Lacassagne. He said the statistics 

 would show that crime was committed in equal proportions by the 

 Ijerson who was born and raised, he would not say in afflueuce, but in 

 such circumstances as to avoid the charge of poverty or misery, aud he 

 demanded before these assertions should be made or conclusions ac- 

 cepted that accurate statistics should be furnished. Madame Clemeuce- 

 Royer in voked a new factor in the genesis of crime which, in her opinion, 

 had a greater responsibility than had before ever been attributed to it, 

 to wit, hybridity — the mixture of races, the mixtures of the blood of 

 different races, one of which was usually if not always an inferior. 



M. Moleschott, senator from Italy, thanked M. Tarde and Dr. Bene- 

 dikt for having spoken of the molecular movements, for, said he, there 

 is the question. The minute researches into the anatomic conditions 

 made by Loinbroso should not make us to forget the ditt'ereut stages of 

 life which are presented in each individual according to the different 

 conditions of his life and that the first fiilse step has been approached 

 on an infinite scale. A mor(? or less degree, however small, of irrita- 

 bility on the i)art of an individual may result in a duel or other crime, 

 because, according to the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, "We are all 

 sinners." 



Dr. Brouardel said that in order to resolve the problem it was neces- 

 sary to apply clinical methods. We do not say that a sick man has the 

 typhoid fever because he has the headache, or the diarrhea, or cough, 

 or fever but we say he has typhoid fever because we have grouped bis 

 symptoms and according to their existence aud method aud the time 

 or period of their apparition we determine that he is afflicted with this 

 malady. Therefore to the anatomic stigmas of an individual it is neces- 

 sary to add the corresponding psychologic characters. The delirium 

 of combativeuess which is due to a poison produced by belladonna is 

 not a cerebral localization. It is due to a modification brought by the 

 presence of the agent in the blood, of the nutrition of the entire cere- 

 bral mass. 



M. Ferri declared crime to be a phenomenon extremely complex. 

 It was a sort of polyhedron of which each person saw but a special 

 side. The different views sustained to-day are equally true and yet 

 equally incomplete. M. Lombroso, said he, brings to light the bio- 

 logic side of crime; Drill and ALanouvrier showed the social; Pugliese 

 the legal view ; Tarde presented the physiological side, and Molescholt 

 and Dr. Brouardel declared crime to be a phenomenon at once biologic 

 and social. M. Lacassagne said in the first Congress at Rome that the 

 criminal was a microbe which propagates only in a certain condition. 

 Without doubt the conditions and the surroundings make the criminal, 

 but like the bouillon without microbes within it, the surroundings with- 

 out crimes are powerless to bring forth the criminal. 



