CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 625 



As the bouillon is complementary to and as necessary as the microbe, 

 so the biologic defects and the favorable social surroundings are tbe 

 fundamental aspects of criminality. 



Question II. — Do criminals present any peculiar anatomic characters? 

 If so, how can we discover them ? Dr. Manouvrier said that, in order 

 to study the anatomy of criminals, it is necessary to consider their 

 physiological elements, and to divide and subdivide those elements in 

 the attem])t to attach one or more to each specitic crime or series of 

 crime. It is necessary first to discover a method by which it can be 

 determined whether criminals diiifer anatomically from honest men, 

 and at the same time whether criminals differ from each other, and 

 wherein. As soon as one can recognize certain special anatomic char- 

 acters as more frequent or more pronounced among criminals or among 

 such and such category of criminals, one will then be in the right path 

 to make an analysis of the subject. This is called to-day, in a vague 

 and indefinite manner, the tendency to crime, or the tendency to par- 

 ticular crimes. These tendencies ought to be resolved into their true 

 physiologic elements, corresponding to certain elementary anatomic 

 characters. But the problem is complicated by the intervention of 

 sociologic elements, so that one becomes lost in a labyrinth of specu- 

 lation. If one supports the theory that criminals are born, it is but 

 a return to that ancient but now exploded science of phrenology, 

 which from an examination of the head, and so of the brain, the expert 

 could determine from the relative size and value of what he called 

 organs, the virtuous or the vicious character of the individual, which in 

 particular cases was called the tendency to crime. Dr. Manouvrier 

 insisted that this theory was completely exploded, that these charac- 

 teristics were not confined to criminals nor to criminal classes, for all 

 the anatomic distinctions and psychologic characteristics quoted by 

 Signor Lombroso were to be found among honest men as well as among 

 criminals. And he argued that it was not sufficient that you should 

 find a greater proportion of them among criminals than among honest 

 men. If Lambroso's theory, that the man was born a criminal, was to 

 be taken as the rule, then it must be universal, and that men thus 

 born inevitably committed crime. If it be the rule then it must oper- 

 ate in all cases. That it did not so operate proved that it was not the 

 rule, and therefore he concluded the proposition of anatomic character- 

 istics peculiar to criminals did not exist. 



Manouvrier asked had any one seen an anatomic character which 

 would serve to characterize exclusively the criminals of any certain 

 category, such as robbers, thieves, assassins, burglars, etc. No an- 

 thropologist believes in the existence of such a character. There are 

 mau}^ epileptics, drunkards, imbeciles, degenerates, and inferiors of all 

 sorts who have never committed a crime; their action has been such 

 as that they stand fair to the community, and they have a right to be 

 classed with honest men ; no one has a right to class them with crimi- 

 H. Mis. 120 40 



