640 CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 



education, there will be iadividaals of diiferent intellectuality, to be 

 remarked from the cradle, as well in the quantity or in the quality of 

 their talent as in their moral and physiologic constitutions. Aud 

 this phenomenon, although it be evident only in a small number of 

 cases of the most accentuated characteristics, whether normal or ab- 

 normal, does not cease to be true also in the more numerous class of 

 cases of mediocre characteristics. The physical and social conditions 

 may have an influence less pateut according as the physio-psychic con- 

 stitution of the individual is stronger aud healthier. 



The practical conclusion of these general observations upon the nat- 

 ural genesis of crime is this : That each crime is the result of indi- 

 vidual physical aud social conditions; and because these conditions 

 have an influence preponderating more or less in different crimes or 

 in different forms of criminality, the most sure and certain means that 

 society has or should employ in its defense against or for the preven- 

 tion of crime, is twofold ; and both ought to be employed and developed 

 simultaneously. Ou the one hand, the amelioration of social condi- 

 tions, which will serve as a natural prevention of crime ; on the other 

 hand, the elimination of those biologic conditions which determine 

 crime; these measures of elimination should be perpetual or temporary, 

 according as their influence on the biologic conditions are permanent 

 and radical, or as they are temporary aud changeable. 



There are, said Ferri, five kinds of criminals, which should be dis- 

 tinguished each from the other and treated accordingly; the born crimi- 

 nal, the insane criminal, the criminal of occasion, of passion, of habitude. 

 To prevent crime the government or society should, on the one hand, 

 ameliorate the social conditions, and, on the other, eliminate from society 

 either partially or entirely those with defective characters, according 

 to the degree of danger and the possibility of cure. 



M. Alimena declared the essential causes of crime to be the social 

 condition and hereditary transmission. According to him the crim- 

 inal was produced by the same processes as were employed by stock- 

 raisers to rear new races as an improvement of the present races, and 

 adopting the words of Dr. Lacassagne at Rome, "society has no crimi- 

 nals except such as it merits." 



Dr. Manouvrier took up the battle. He said they had reduced the 

 importance of the surroundings. If their theory be true that the occa- 

 sion makes the criminal, then society will make a criminal of the man 

 who is the most iuofiensive, and an inott'eusive man of him who is most 

 disposed to crime: and he argued his side of the question at length, 

 and with vigor and eloquence. 



M. Tarde said we have the agricultural type of man, the military type, 

 the sailor type, aud why should we not have the criminal type? Lom- 

 broso took it up by saying that it was undoubted that we had among 

 the criminals the type of the assassin, the type of the robber and bur- 

 glar, and the type of the thief and swindler, M. Moleschott, senator 



