CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 657 



the convolution of that portion of the brain, which would tend to show 

 any other than a normal condition or normal activity. If tbe sharp- 

 ness of hearing among criminals is engendered by the inertia or disuse 

 of the other senses we were unable to find any physiolo<>ical or anatom- 

 ical evidence of it in the brains of those whose autopsies we made. 



Question VII. — The determhiation by means of criminal anthro])ol- 

 ogy of the class of delinqueuts to which a given criminal may belong. 

 Baron Garofalo, vice-president of the civil tribunal of Naples, reporter. 



For the determination of this question a psychological study of the 

 criminal is indispensable, and this is possibly the principal branch of 

 criminal anthropology. The anatomic characters can only furnish in- 

 dication, and it is neces&tary to complete the moral figure of the criminal 

 by the investigation of his psychic anomaly. 



(1) In order to recognize this psychic anomaly the kind of offense will 

 sufiice sometimes. But it is necessary that tlie phrase " kind of offense" 

 should be employed distinct from the language of the penal code or the 

 judicial theory. Thus, for example, in the case of murder the word pre- 

 meditation may be insufficient to authorize us to class the oftender 

 along with murderers, for one can kill, even with premeditation, the 

 murderer of his father or the seducer of his sister without being thereby 

 classed among the criminals born. All the vengeances of blood, the 

 vendettas, are of the same kind, because there is not a seeking for that 

 egotistic satisfaction which compels the man to murder or makes him 

 criminal born. These oiienses are oftener the effect of an altruism, 

 such as amour propre or case of honor. On the other hand a man may 

 have the most monstrous criminal nature and yet be a simple murderer 

 without being an assassin; nor is it any better to determine the assas- 

 sination from the motive, for either murder or assassination may take 

 place without any of the motives which influence the average man. 

 Men in all the enjoyment of their psychic faculties will kill sometimes 

 as though they were savages ; sometimes from vaniiy, sometimes to 

 show their force, their address; sometimes to acquire notoriety. And 

 again, the murder with an apparently sufficient motive, may be nothing 

 more after all than the work of a maniac, epileptic, hysteric, etc. Even 

 in the case of brigandage one can not be sure of the nature of the crim- 

 inal without having examined him physically and morally. Where 

 brigandage is endemic a son follows his father or his older brother on 

 an ex[)edition which has no other end than to rob the passing travellers 

 and to kill them if they should resist, still he is not to be classed by 

 anthropologists among the born criminals. It may happen that the brig- 

 and who, if investigated anthroi)ologically, ethnologically, or morally, 

 would pass the whole examination with high credit marks, would yet in 

 the cases cited follow his father or older brother in his trade or profes- 

 sion and be a brigand. 

 H. Mis. 1U9 43 



