6G8 CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 



deposited by the preceding races of Gerinaiiy dnring the grand period 

 of invasion of the tribes of the north who occupied these regions more 

 than any other part of the peninsula. 



The miners of the center of Spain do not present those characters of 

 ferocity, because their elements are a concourse of varied and multiplied 

 antecedents of the successive dominations which have come to pass in 

 the peninsula. 



In the kingdoms of Valencia and the Antlulasian provinces, the crimi- 

 nal customs of the Arab race were handed down as a souvenir of the 

 Kabyles, where the inliabitants organized themselves into a band of 

 malefactors. The crimes of homicide, assassination, in the majority of 

 cases were only the result of the passion of jealousy coupled with a 

 hate truly African and which considerably augments the number of 

 offenses against persons and i)roperty. Nevertheless, we recall certain 

 acts of nobility, the Arab hospitality, etc. True, there may be excep- 

 tions found, as there will always be, to general rules, but the conclu- 

 sions are : 



(1) The physiologic characters of the criminal type manifest them- 

 selves in a constant and uniform manner in all epochs and in all races, 

 and without other variations than those imposed by accidental and 

 external circumstances from these epochs and races. 



(2) The conditions of race, climate, geography have their influences 

 upon the senses and passions of mankind and upon the development of 

 crime, as well as upon sociology, religion, economics, or politics. 



(3) The grand offenses committed by races and nations ought to be 

 an object of an international penal code by which they could be pun- 

 ished with a certainty and uniformity that would bring them to an end ; 

 while in the same code could be declared the sacred right of nations 

 and of individuals, which should be recognized by all the world. 



Question (37). — Medico-psychologic observations upon Russian crimi- 

 nals. M. J. Orchanski, of Gharkow, Russia, reporter. 



M. Orchanski is professor of the university at Gharkow. He was 

 not present to read his paper, and it was presented by Dr. Brouardel 

 in connection with Question IX. Only the conclusions were read and 

 they were in opposition to the Italian school. The paper consisted of 

 arguments and deductions, and did not deal in testimony or statistics. 



Dr. Topinard took the opportunity to present his opposition to the 

 title "Griminal Anthropology" and thought it should be replaced by 

 that of "Griminology," as being shorter, easier, better understood, 

 having a clearer meaning, and with everything to recommend the 

 change. 



Dr. Manouvrier preferred the the term "Anthropologic Juridique." 



Question X. — The ancient and new theories of moral responsibility. 

 M. Tarde, juge d'instruction at Sarlet, Dordogne, reporter. 

 This was a long and learned disquisition upon moral responsibility. 



