CARE OF CAPTIVE ANIMALS — WALKER 321 



cabbage, spinach, wheat germ, salmon, dried whey, eggs, kale, milk, 

 peas, potatoes, tomatoes, and turnip greens. Deficiency of this vita- 

 min in human beings is associated with soreness of mouth, redness 

 and itching of skin, swelling of the tongue, diarrhea, vomiting, 

 nausea, loss in weight, indigestion, and nervous disturbances. 



Can be supplied in medicines as tablets and solution for hypodermic 

 administration (intramuscularly) . 



Vitamin Be (pyridoxin). — Good sources are dried yeast, liver, rice 

 polishings, meat, fish, maize, whole wheat, egg yolk, wheat germ, 

 legumes, milk. 



Deficiency of this vitamin in man is associated with retarded 

 growth, anemia, and muscular disorders. Can be supplied in cap- 

 sules, or solution for intravenous injections. 



Vitamin G (antiscorbutic vitamin, ascorbic acid; cevitamic acid). — 

 Found in oranges, lemon and grapefruit juice, raw cabbage, toma- 

 toes (fresh or canned) or tomato juice, strawberries, cranberries, 

 fresh peas, peaches, apple juice, blueberries, asparagus, canned pine- 

 apple, lettuce, broccoli, parsley, brussels sprouts, turnip greens, spin- 

 ach, and red and green peppers, in the order of their content. 



Deficiency in supply of this vitamin in man is responsible for 

 spongy, bleeding gums, loose, poratic teeth, hemorrhagic tendencies, 

 sore and swollen joints, increased capillary fragility, edema, and 

 scurvy. Deficiencies more frequently appear in the young than in 

 adults. Essential for primates and guinea pigs, but known to be 

 synthesized in the body of some animals. In addition to the foods 

 listed above, this vitamin can be supplied in the form of cevitamic 

 acid tablets. So little is known about vitamin C that anything given 

 herein should be considered as suggesting watchfulness and experi- 

 mentation. 



Vitamin D (antirachitic factor). — Good sources are fish liver oils, 

 butter, egg yolk, irradiated milk, and liver, arranged in the order 

 of their richness. 



This vitamin is in such small quantities in human foods that 

 deficiencies are usually made up by giving the patient viosterol, cod- 

 halibut liver oil, or cod liver oil. Lack of the proper supply of this 

 vitamin in man is evidenced by improper development of bones, 

 muscular weakness, protruding abdomen, delayed development of 

 teeth and dental deformation. No doubt many cases of rickets, cage 

 paralysis, and other instances of poor bone development in captive 

 animals are the result of deficiency of this vitamin. Animals that 

 will eat fish livers might obtain enough from this food. Some zoos 

 now regularly use viosterol or halibut or cod liver oils to make up 

 the deficiency. 



Vitamin E (antisterility). — Good sources are wheat-germ oil, 

 cottonseed oil, lettuce leaves, whole rice, watercress, ^gg yolk, meat, 



