350 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1941 



their food in the shallow water of streams and ponds. If pinioned, they can 

 be kept in fenced enclosures with pools, or they may be kept in cages. 



WHALE-HEADED STORKS (Balaenicipitidae). Habits and food similar 

 to the above. 



HAMMERHEADS (Scopidae), STORKS and JABIRUS (Ciconiidae), IBISES 

 and SPOONBILLS (Threskiornithidae). Should be given a wide variety of 

 food, including fish, meat, ground bread, finely chopped green vegetation and 

 vegetables. These birds are waders, but they will take their food from solid 

 surfaces. They can be kept pinioned in fenced enclosures, or in cages. 



FLAMINGOES (Phoenicopteridae). Specialized feeders that obtain their 

 food while wading in shallow water. They subsist mainly on small Crustacea 

 and other minute animals found in swampy regions. Can be successfully kept 

 in captivity on a mixture of bran, rice, wheat, bread crumbs, crab meat, crab 

 scrap or ground shrimp, and bone meal. These materials should be in small 

 particles mixed together and fed in shallow water so that the birds can obtain 

 it by straining it out as they pump the water through their beaks. 



SCREAMERS, DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS (aNSERIFORMES) 



SCREAMERS (Anhimidae). Feed mixture of grains, bread crumbs, chopped 

 green vegetation and vegetables, with a small amount of ground meat. Can 

 be kept in large fenced enclosures if pinioned, or in cages. Should have ponds 

 in which to wade and swim. 



DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS (Anatidae). Require same food as the scream- 

 ers, but take less meat. A flock consisting mainly of geese and swans should 

 be fed proportionately more green food than is required by the ducks. Should 

 have good-sized ponds or pools. Mergansers are fish-eating ducks that thrive 

 best if they are given a plentiful supply of small live fish to catch. Will some- 

 times survive on a diet of fish cut in small strips and meat finely ground or cut. 

 The sea ducks, such as the eiders, scooters, and harlequins, consume a consider- 

 able variety of small animal life and also some vegetable material. Not gen- 

 erally kept in captivity ; but with care might survive on fish, meat, crab scraps, or 

 shrimp, clams, bread crumbs, some soaked grain and green material, all ground 

 together. Should have large, deep pools in which to dive. 



VULTURES, HAWKS, FALCONS (rALCONIEDRMES) 



All the birds of this order will eat either meat or fish or both. The larger 

 kinds can be fed meat in large pieces or on large bones. The smaller kinds 

 thrive best on whole small animals, such as rabbits, pigeons, mice, or sparrows, 

 and the larger ones should have such food at frequent intervals, in order to 

 obtain the fur, feathers, and viscera, which appear to be essential to their 

 welfare. Bald eagles are particularly fond of fish. Vultures thrive on fresh 

 meat, and there is no reason to give them spoiled meat. Ospreys feed almost 

 exclusively on fish. 



MEGAPODES, OURASSOWS, PHEASANTS, HOATZINS, CHICKENS, TURKEYS, 

 GROUSE, PEACOCKS, QUAILS, GUINEA-FOWL ( G ALLIFORMES ) 



Feed a mixture of grains, green feed, ground meat, and fruits, especially 

 bananas. Mealworms and other insects and mice are relished. Supply crushed 

 shell, coarse sand, or fine gi-avel for grit. Dust baths should be provided. Size 



