CARE OF CAPTIVE ANIMALS WALKER 351 



of enclosures can range from cages to yards with moderate-height fences, pro- 

 vided the birds are pinioned. Ample ground area for exercise is desirable; also 

 plenty of sunshine. Some of these birds are hardy inhabitants of rigorous 

 climates; others are natives of the Tropics and cannot survive cold weather. 

 There is an extensive literature regarding the raising of many of these birds. 

 See bibliography for a few citations. 



CRANES, RAILS, AND ALLIES (GRUIFORMES) 



BUSTARD-QUAILS (Tumicidae), COLLARED HEMIPODES (Pedionomidae). 

 Feed same as cranes, rails, coots, and gallinules. 



ROATELOS and MONIAS (Mesoenatidae). Feed same as cranes, rails, coots, 

 and gallinules. 



CRANES (Gruidae). Feed a mixture of grain, chopped or ground leafy mate- 

 rial and vegetables, bread crumbs and meat. They also enjoy mice, lizards, 

 and insects, and some take a small amount of fish. 



LIMPKINS (Aramidae). Same as above. 



TRUMPETERS ( Psophiidae ) . Feed same as poultry. They easily become tame 

 enough to eat out of one's hand. 



RAILS, COOTS, GALLINULES (Rallidae). Feed finely cut or ground mixture 

 of meat and fish with a small amount of grain, plenty of green feed, and bread 

 crumbs. They are not primarily grain feeders nor fish eaters, so there must be 

 a plentiful supply of green food and all of the material should be finely divided, 

 as the mouths of the birds are small. Some swim and wade extensively, so 

 should have ponds. Others prefer to perch and spend little time on the ground 

 or water. 



SUN-GREBES (Heliornithidae). Give same food as for Gruiformes, but it 

 should be ground or chopped more finely. 



KAGUS (Rynochetidae), SUN BITTERNS (Eurypygidae). Feed fish and a 

 mixture of meat, green vegetation, bread crumbs, mice, mealworms, and small 

 pieces of bone. 



CARIAMAS (Cariamidae). Feed grain, meat, bonemeal. Mice and young 

 or small birds, such as sparrows, are essential for the fur and feathers. 



BUSTARDS (Otididae). Feed meat and a mixture of green feed, bread, and 

 grain. The birds of this order can be kept in cages, but thrive best in large 

 outdoor runs. 



SHORE BIRDS, GULLS, AND AUKS ( CH ARADRIIFORMES ) 



JACANAS (Jacanidae). Tropical marsh birds that probably feed mainly 

 on insects, insect larva, small fish, and green material. No information is avail- 

 able to the author as to the keeping of these birds in captivity. Try mealworms, 

 and finely ground meat, green vegetation, and shrimp. 



PAINTED SNIPE (Rostratulidae). Feed the same as rails. These birds 

 probe in the earth to find their food. Worms are essential. 



OYSTER CATCHERS (Haematopodidae). They frequent ocean beaches, 

 where they pick up a wide variety of small animal life and perhaps some plant 

 material. In captivity feed small pieces of fish, worms, bread crumbs, green 

 leafy vegetation. 



PLOVERS, TURNSTONE, and SURFBIRDS (Charadriidae), Inhabitants 

 of seacoasts and streams, lakes, and ponds. Some live on the drier uplands. 

 Offer a wide variety of fish, meat, grain, green food, bonemeal, crab meat, 



