362 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1941 



Tadpoles (immature stage of most amphibians) are aquatic. They feed on the 

 green scum and microscopic plant life found in standing water. This material 

 must be provided if they are to survive in aquaria. 



FROGS AND TOADS (SALIENTIA) 



NEW ZEALAND FROG (Liopelmidae). Semiaquatic. Should have both 

 water and a bank of mud or sand on which they can come out. Feed earthworms, 

 small insects, scraps of raw beef moved about in front of them. 



DISCOGLOSSUS (Discoglossidae). Eats earthworms dropped into water. 

 Semiaquatic, so should have pool and mud bank. 



SURINAM TOAD and its allies (Pipidae) . Feed scraps of raw fish or meat and 

 mealworms dropped into water. Aquatic, so must have tank of water. 



PELOBATES and its allies (Pelobatidae). Feed worms, slugs, and insects, 

 especially beetles. Burrows, so should have soil in cage. 



TOADS and their allies (Bufonidae). Must have moist soil and water. Feed 

 mealworms, cockroaches, or any crawling insects, spiders, and earthworms. Some 

 keepers have observed that where two or more species of toads or frogs have 

 been put together, there have been unusual losses. This suggests that it may be 

 advisable to keep each species to itself. 



TOADLIKE AMPHIBIANS (Brachycephalidae). A mixed group. Feed as 

 for Ranidae (below). 



TREE TOADS (Hylidae). Feed soft-bodied insects, preferably alive, and pro- 

 vide plants in the cage so that the animals can rest on the foliage. 



TRUE FROGS (Ranidae). Feed live insects to the small and medium-sized. 

 Some of the larger frogs will take small mice. 



ASIATIC TREE TOADS (Polypetidae). Give same food as Hylidae. 



NARROW-MOUTHED TOADS (Brevicapitidae). Feed earthworms, slugs, 

 ants, and other small invertebrates. Burrows, so should have soil in cage. 



SALAMANDERS (OAUDATA) 



COECILIANS (Coeciliidae). Legless, wormlike creatures that live in the 

 moist soil, mud, or swamps of the Tropics. Try earthworms, enchytrae, and soft- 

 bodied insects. 



HYNOBIUS (Hynobiidae). Try earthworms, enchytrae, and small incects. 



GIANT SALAMANDER, HELLBENDER, and aUies (Cryptobranchidae). In- 

 habit clear streams of fairly cool water. They possess neither lungs nor gills and 

 obtain the necessary oxygen from the water through their skins. Therefore, they 

 should be provided with well-aerated water in a pool or tank. Feed worms, 

 insects, meat, liver, boned fish. 



SPOTTED SALAMANDER and allies (Ambystomidae). Feed earthworms, 

 enchytrae, mealworms, waxworms, and soft-bodied insects. 



MUD-"EEL," BLIND EEL, CONGO SNAKE (Amphiumidae). Inhabitants of 

 sluggish, warm streams, where they spend much time in the mud. Provide with 

 mud in the bottom of the aquarium, if possible, and feed mealworms enchytrae, 

 soft-bodied insects, and small particles of meat. 



SLIMY SALAMANDER and allies (Plethodontidae) . Must have moist soil and 

 water. Feed earthworms, enchytrae, slugs, small insects, and small pieces of 

 meat moved in front of them on the end of a straw. 



CAVE SALAMANDERS (Proteidae). The white or colorless cave salamander 

 of the United States and Europe (Proteus) is accustomed to cool water in almost 



